iaciō
Meaning
- to throw, hurl, cast, fling; throw away
Alea iacta est.
The die has been cast. - to lay, set, establish, build, found, construct, erect
fundamenta iacere
to lay the foundations/groundwork - to send forth, emit; bring forth, produce
- to scatter, sow, throw
- to project
- figurativelyto throw out in speaking, let fall, utter, mention, declare
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
manū mittō; pīla in hostēs iaciuntur.mittō, prōiciōChoosing the right word Döderlein's Latin Synonyms
Amittere · Perdere · Jactura
1. Amittere means to lose something, so that it ceases to be in our possession, like ἀποβαλεῖν, opp. to retinere, Cic. Rep. v. i. Sext. 47. Suet. Tib. 15. Ter. Phorm. iii. 2, 22; perdere means, to lose something, so that it is destroyed, and rendered useless, like διολέσαι, opp. to servare. Plaut. Rud. iv. 4, 120. Ter. Ad. ii. 2, 32. Sen. Contr. iii. 21.—Tac. Ann. ii. 25. Perdita classe, amissis armis. 2. Amissio is an involuntary, jactura, a voluntary, loss, which a person undergoes, a sacrifice that is made to avoid a greater loss, as in the case of the master of a ship, who throws the freight overboard, to save his ship and his life. Plin. Ep. i. 12. Jacturam gravissimam feci, si jactura dicenda est tanti viri amissio. (iii. 289.)
Damnum · Detrimentum · Jactura
Damnum (δαπάνη) is a loss incurred by one’s self, in opp. to lucrum. Plaut. Cist. i. 1, 52. Capt. ii. 2, 77. Ter. Heaut. iv. 4, 25. Cic. Fin. v. 30. Sen. Ben. iv. 1. Tranq. 15; whereas detrimentum (from detrivisse) means a loss endured, in opp. to emolumentum. Cic. Fin. i. 16. iii. 29; lastly, jactura is a voluntary loss, by means of which one hopes to escape a greater loss or evil, a sacrifice. Hence damnum is used for a fine; and in the form, Videant Coss., ne quid resp. detrimenti capiat, the word damnum could never be substituted for detrimentum. (v. 251.)
Conjugation
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | iaciō | iaciēbam | iaciam | iēcī | iēceram | iēcerō |
| 2nd sg. | iacis | iaciēbās | iaciēs | iēcistī | iēcerās | iēceris |
| 3rd sg. | iacit | iaciēbat | iaciet | iēcit | iēcerat | iēcerit |
| 1st pl. | iacimus | iaciēbāmus | iaciēmus | iēcimus | iēcerāmus | iēcerimus |
| 2nd pl. | iacitis | iaciēbātis | iaciētis | iēcistis | iēcerātis | iēceritis |
| 3rd pl. | iaciunt | iaciēbant | iacient | iēcērunt iēcēre | iēcerant | iēcerint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | iaciam | iacerem | iēcerim | iēcissem |
| 2nd sg. | iaciās | iacerēs | iēcerīs | iēcissēs |
| 3rd sg. | iaciat | iaceret | iēcerit | iēcisset |
| 1st pl. | iaciāmus | iacerēmus | iēcerīmus | iēcissēmus |
| 2nd pl. | iaciātis | iacerētis | iēcerītis | iēcissētis |
| 3rd pl. | iaciant | iacerent | iēcerint | iēcissent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | iacior | iaciēbar | iaciar |
| 2nd sg. | iaceris iacere | iaciēbāris iaciēbāre | iaciēris iaciēre |
| 3rd sg. | iacitur | iaciēbātur | iaciētur |
| 1st pl. | iacimur | iaciēbāmur | iaciēmur |
| 2nd pl. | iaciminī | iaciēbāminī | iaciēminī |
| 3rd pl. | iaciuntur | iaciēbantur | iacientur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | iaciar | iacerer |
| 2nd sg. | iaciāris iaciāre | iacerēris iacerēre |
| 3rd sg. | iaciātur | iacerētur |
| 1st pl. | iaciāmur | iacerēmur |
| 2nd pl. | iaciāminī | iacerēminī |
| 3rd pl. | iaciantur | iacerentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | iace | iacere |
| pres. 2nd pl. | iacite | iaciminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | iacitō | iacitor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | iacitō | iacitor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | iacitōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | iaciuntō | iaciuntor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | iacere | iacī |
| perfect infinitive | iēcisse | iactum esse |
| future infinitive | iactūrum esse | iactum īrī |
| present participle | iaciēns iaciente, iacientem, iacientēs, iacientī, iacientia, iacientibus, iacientis, iacientīs, iacientium | — |
| perfect participle | — | iactus iacta, iactā, iactae, iactam, iactārum, iactās, iacte, iactī, iactīs, iactō, iactōrum, iactōs |
| future participle | iactūrus iactūra, iactūrā, iactūrae, iactūram, iactūrārum, iactūrās, iactūre, iactūrī, iactūrīs, iactūrō, iactūrōrum, iactūrōs, iactūrum | iaciendus iaciundus |
Phrases from Meissner's Latin Phrase-Book
- iacturam alicuius rei facere
- to throw away, sacrifice.
- extra teli iactum, coniectum esse
- to be out of range.
lapides, Cic. Mil. 15: fulmen in medium mare, id. Div. 2, 19: in quem scyphum de manu jacere conatus, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10: aridam materiam de muro in aggerem, Caes. B. G. 7, 24: se in profundum, Cic. Sest. 20: saxeam pilam ponto, Verg. A. 9, 712: ensem fluctibus mediis, id. ib. 10, 683: balearica plumbum Funda jacit, Ov M. 2, 728: libellos in faciem ejus, Suet. Claud. 15 fin.—Freq. of dice-throwing: talos, Plaut. As. 4, 1, 35; 5, 2, 54; Cic. Fin. 3, 16, 54: Venerem, id. Div. 2, 59, 121; Suet. Aug. 71.— urbi fundamenta, Liv. 1, 12: vallum, id. 30, 10: aggere jacto, Caes. B. G. 2, 12: molem, id. B. C. 1, 25: muros, Verg. A. 5, 631; 9, 712: moles, Cic. Att. 9, 14, 1: novae domus fundamenta, Suet. Calig. 22; Ov. F. 4, 835: molem in mare, Dig. 43, 8, 2, § 8.—de corpore odorem, Lucr. 2, 846: igniculos, Cic. Att. 15, 26, 2: jacturas poma myricas, that will bear, Ov. A. A. 1, 747.—scuta jacere, fugereque hostes, more habent licentiam, Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 27: vestem procul, Ov. M. 4, 357: is sua jecit humi arma, id. ib. 3, 127: pavidas pharetras, Val. Fl. 5, 427.—Esp., to throw overboard, Dig. 41, 2, 21, § 2; 14, 2, 2, § 7; to cast, shed: cornua, Ov. A. A. 3, 78.—volucres semina jacta legunt, Ov. M. 5, 485; id. H. 12, 17: jacto semine, Verg. G. 1, 104: seminibus jactis, id. ib. 2, 57; 6, 11; id. F. 1, 662: flores, id. A. 5, 79: lapides, id. E. 6, 41.—nullam umbram, Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 183 sq.—contumeliam in aliquem, Cic. Sull. 7, 23: injuriam in aliquem, id. Par. 4, 1: adulteria, to lay to one's charge, id. Planc. 12, 30: ridiculum, id. Or. 26, 87: id, quod proponendum fuit, permotis animis jacit ad extremum, id. Part. 13, 46: jecit quidam casus caput meum, in mediam contentionem, id. Fam. 1, 9, 13: probra in feminas illustres, Tac. A. 11, 13.—causae fundamenta, Cic. Fl. 2, 4: fundamenta pacis, id. Phil. 1, 1, 1: gradum atque aditum ad rem, id. Agr. 2, 15: odia in longum jacere, to strew, sow, Tac. A. 1, 69: fundamenta reipublicae, Suet. Aug. 28.—assiduas querelas, Cic. poët. Div 1, 8, 14: illud, quod jacis obscure, id. Att. 2, 7, 4: suspicionem, id. Fl. 3, 6: de lacu Albano, Liv. 5, 15: vera an vana, id. 6, 14: multo plura praesens audivit, quam in absentem jacta erant, id. 43, 8: Jugurtha inter alias jacit oportere, etc., Sall. J. 11: quaedam de habitu cultuque et institutis ejus, Tac. A 1, 11: fortuitos sermones, id. ib. 4, 68: ali quid per vaniloquentiam ac minas, id. ib 6, 31: multasque nec dubias significationes saepe jecit, Suet. Ner. 37: crimina non haec sunt nostro sine jacta dolore, Tib. 4, 14, 3.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
Origins
From *(H)yeh₁- (“to throw”). According to Leppänen, the aorist form *(H)yéh₁kt ~ *(H)ih₁ként may have yielded an early Proto-Italic aorist of the shape *jēked ~ *jakond, to which iaciō was created as an innovative ye-present. Schrijver and De Vaan, however, derive the term from Proto-Italic *jak-i-, which De Vaan further traces back to Proto-Indo-European *(H)ih₁-k-(i-). Phonologically, a development of *Hih₁- > ī- may be expected, though Schrijver notes—citing the etymologies of vacuus and vannus—a regular development of *Hih₁- > ia- is also possible. De Vaan suggests that, even if the phonological outcome is not regular, the term might have been remodeled from earlier *īcio according to the model of pairs such as faciō ~ fēcī. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἵημι (híēmi, “to send, throw”).