verbfirst conjugation
pugnō
pugnō (present infinitive pugnāre, perfect active pugnāvī, supine pugnātum)
Classical[ˈpʊŋ.noː]Ecclesiastical[ˈpuɲ.ɲo]
№ 708 of the 1,000 commonest wordsMille Verba core vocabulary
Meaning
- to fight, combat, battle, engage
- to contend, conflict, oppose, contradict
- to endeavour, struggle, strive
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
armīs certō; mīlitēs prō patriā pugnant.pugnō -āre — in Mille Verba, Bellum et Arma
contrā aliquem certōpugnō -āre — in Evangelium secundum Marcum, ch. 5
to fight
pugnō -āre — in Viri Romae Facillimi, ch. 1
Choosing the right word Döderlein's Latin Synonyms
Pugnare · Confligere · Dimicare · Digladiari
1. Pugnare and confligere mean, to decide a quarrel by force, generally in a mass, in a battle; dimicare and digladiari, to decide a quarrel by arms, and generally in a single combat. 2. Pugnare denotes a battle, more with reference to its form, and on its brightest side, as requiring skill and courage; confligere, as a mere engagement, in consequence of an occasional collision, on its rough side as aiming at slaughter and carnage. Cic. Balb. 9. Qui cum hoste nostro cominus sæpe in acie pugnavit: comp. with Off. i. 23. Tenere in acie versari et manu cum hoste confligere, immane quiddam et belluarum simile est. Or, Nep. Eum. 4. and 8. 3. Dimicare denotes a fight with weapons agreed upon by the parties, such as swords, spears, lances, clubs, and gives the harmless image of a man who fights in his own defence; whereas digladiari denotes a fight with sword or poniard, and gives the hateful image of a practised gladiator, whose calling and art consist in nothing but fighting and assassinating. Cic. Tusc. iv. 19. Convenit dimicare pro legibus, pro libertate, pro patria: comp. with Leg. iii. 9. Iis sicis, quas ipse se projecisse dicit in forum, quibus inter se digladientur cives. (v. 187.)
Conjugation conjugation 1
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | pugnō | pugnābam | pugnābō | pugnāvī | pugnāveram pugnāram | pugnāverō pugnārō |
| 2nd sg. | pugnās | pugnābās | pugnābis | pugnāvistī pugnāstī | pugnāverās pugnārās | pugnāveris pugnāris |
| 3rd sg. | pugnat | pugnābat | pugnābit | pugnāvit pugnāt | pugnāverat pugnārat | pugnāverit pugnārit |
| 1st pl. | pugnāmus | pugnābāmus | pugnābimus | pugnāvimus pugnāmus | pugnāverāmus pugnārāmus | pugnāverimus pugnārimus |
| 2nd pl. | pugnātis | pugnābātis | pugnābitis | pugnāvistis pugnāstis | pugnāverātis pugnārātis | pugnāveritis pugnāritis |
| 3rd pl. | pugnant | pugnābant | pugnābunt | pugnāvērunt pugnārunt, pugnāvēre | pugnāverant pugnārant | pugnāverint pugnārint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | pugnem | pugnārem | pugnāverim pugnārim | pugnāvissem pugnāssem |
| 2nd sg. | pugnēs | pugnārēs | pugnāverīs pugnārīs | pugnāvissēs pugnāssēs |
| 3rd sg. | pugnet | pugnāret | pugnāverit pugnārit | pugnāvisset pugnāsset |
| 1st pl. | pugnēmus | pugnārēmus | pugnāverīmus pugnārīmus | pugnāvissēmus pugnāssēmus |
| 2nd pl. | pugnētis | pugnārētis | pugnāverītis pugnārītis | pugnāvissētis pugnāssētis |
| 3rd pl. | pugnent | pugnārent | pugnāverint pugnārint | pugnāvissent pugnāssent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | pugnor | pugnābar | pugnābor |
| 2nd sg. | pugnāris pugnāre | pugnābāris pugnābāre | pugnāberis pugnābere |
| 3rd sg. | pugnātur | pugnābātur | pugnābitur |
| 1st pl. | pugnāmur | pugnābāmur | pugnābimur |
| 2nd pl. | pugnāminī | pugnābāminī | pugnābiminī |
| 3rd pl. | pugnantur | pugnābantur | pugnābuntur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | pugner | pugnārer |
| 2nd sg. | pugnēris pugnēre | pugnārēris pugnārēre |
| 3rd sg. | pugnētur | pugnārētur |
| 1st pl. | pugnēmur | pugnārēmur |
| 2nd pl. | pugnēminī | pugnārēminī |
| 3rd pl. | pugnentur | pugnārentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | pugnā | pugnāre |
| pres. 2nd pl. | pugnāte | pugnāminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | pugnātō | pugnātor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | pugnātō | pugnātor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | pugnātōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | pugnantō | pugnantor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | pugnāre | pugnārī |
| perfect infinitive | pugnāvisse pugnāsse | pugnātum esse |
| future infinitive | pugnātūrum esse | pugnātum īrī |
| present participle | pugnāns | — |
| perfect participle | — | pugnātus pugnāta, pugnātā, pugnātae, pugnātam, pugnātārum, pugnātās, pugnātī, pugnātōrum, pugnātōs |
| future participle | pugnātūrus pugnātūra, pugnātūrā, pugnātūrae, pugnātūram, pugnātūrārum, pugnātūrās, pugnātūre, pugnātūrī, pugnātūrīs, pugnātūrō, pugnātūrōrum, pugnātūrōs, pugnātūrum | pugnandus |
gerundpugnandī, pugnandō, pugnandumsupinepugnātum, pugnātū
Phrases from Meissner's Latin Phrase-Book
- ex equo pugnare
- to fight on horseback.
- ferarum ritu pugnare
- to fight like lions.
- ancipiti Marte pugnatur
- the issue of the battle is undecided.
- inter se pugnare or repugnare
- to be mutually contradictory.
- pugnantia loqui (Tusc. 1. 7. 13)
- to make contradictory, inconsistent statements.
- collatis signis (viribus) pugnare
- to fight hand-to-hand, at close quarters.
- rari dispersique pugnare (B. C. 1. 44)
- to fight in skirmishing order.
- laxatis (opp. confertis) ordinibus pugnare
- to fight in open order.
3 more phrases
- potestatem, copiam pugnandi hostibus facere
- to offer battle to the enemy.
- pro aris et focis pugnare, certare, dimicare
- to fight for hearth and home.
- secum pugnare (without sibi); sibi repugnare (of things)
- to contradict oneself, be inconsistent.
pugno, āvi, ātum, 1, v. n. and very rarely
I. a. [root pug-, to thrust, strike, whence pugil, pungo, etc.], to fight, either singly or in armies, to combat, give battle, engage, contend (very freq. and class.).
I. Lit.:
neque sinistrā impeditā satis commode pugnare poterant, Caes. B. G. 1, 25: scutum manu emittere et nudo corpore pugnare, id. ib. 1, 25: eminus lapidibus, Sall. J. 57, 4: cominus in acie, Cic. Balb. 9, 23: ex equo, on horseback, id. N. D. 2, 2, 6: de loco, Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 33: de ponte, Hirt. B. Afr. 33: pro muro toto, id. ib. 13: ex iniquiore loco, id. ib. 42: pro commodis patriae, Cic. Inv. 1, 1, 1 al.—With cum and abl.: elige, cum cive an hoste pugnare malis, Liv. 10, 36, 8: cum hoste in acie, Cic. Balb. 9, 22.—With in and acc.: ne quis extra ordinem in hostem pugnaret, Liv. 8, 6, 16: in hostem imparem ex aequo pugnabant, id. 10, 43, 6: qui contra imperium in hostem pugnaverant, Sall. C. 9, 4; 52, 30.—With adversum and acc.: saepe ante paucis strenuis advorsum multitudinem bene pugnatum, Sall. J. 107, 1: advorsum Gallos, id. ib. 114, 1.—With a homogeneous object: magnam pugnavimu' pugnam, Lucil. ap. Don. Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 60; cf.: haec pugna est pugnata, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97: pugna summā contentione pugnata, Cic. Mur. 16, 34; Nep. Hann. 5, 1: inclitam in ponte pugnam ... pugnatam, Liv. 6, 42, 5: proelia, Hor. C. 4, 9, 19; Sall. J. 54, 7: bella, Hor. C. 3, 19, 4; id. Ep. 1, 16, 25.— Impers. pass.: pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis, the battle is fought, they fight, Caes. B. G. 7, 84: cominus gladiis pugnatum est, id. ib. 1, 52: ut in mari quoque pugnetur velut e muris, Plin. 32, 1, 1, § 3.— II. Transf.
A. In gen., to contend, conflict, disagree, oppose, contradict; usu. with dat. of person, or with cum:
pugnant Stoici cum Peripateticis, Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68. —With acc. and inf.: pugnare non destitit, non esse rerum controversiam, sed nominum, Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 41: non magno opere pugnare, to contend not very strongly, id. N. D. 3, 1, 3: noli pugnare duobus, Cat. 62, 64: ne cupias pugnare puellae, Prop. 1, 12 (10), 21; cf.: placitone etiam pugnabis amori? Verg. A. 4, 38: pressis pugnat habenis, id. ib. 11, 600: ne pugnet vulgus habenis, Stat. Th. 8, 289: tam eras excors, ut totā in oratione tuā tecum ipse pugnares, you contradicted yourself, Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18. —Of things: pugnat sententia secum, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 97: pugnavit monitis furor, Sil. 10, 284: pugnatura fretis pila, id. 4, 298: frigida pugnabant calidis, umentia siccis, Mollia cum duris, etc., cold bodies contended with hot, moist with dry, etc., Ov. M. 1, 19: humus, Petr. poët. Sat. 123.—B. To struggle, strive, to endeavor, take pains, exert one's self for any thing (rare but class.):
illud pugna et enitere, ne, etc., Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3: id ne impetremus, pugnabis, id. Lig. 5, 13; cf.: hoc solum hoc tempore pugnatur, ut, etc., id. Rosc. Am. 3, 8: pugnas, ne reddar, Achille, Ov. H. 3, 25 Ruhnk.: pugnaremque collegae, ut, etc., Liv. 3, 64.—Poet., with inf.: pugnat molles evincere somnos, Ov. M. 1, 685; 7, 772; id. H. 13, 77: incerto pedum pugnat non stare tumultu, Luc. 4, 753; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, 196; cf., of things, Lucr. 2, 205.—P. a. as subst.: pugnan-tĭa, ium, n., contradictions, inconsistencies: pugnantia te loqui non vides? Cic. Tusc. 1, 7, 13; cf. Hor. S. 1, 2, 73; 1, 1, 102.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
pūgnō āvī, ātus, āre
pugna, to fight, combat, give battle, engage, contend : sinistrā impeditā, Cs.: eminus lapidibus, S.: cum hoste comminus in acie: ex equo, on horseback : de loco, T.: extra ordinem in hostem, L.: contra inperium in hostem, S.: advorsum multitudinem bene pugnatum, S.: pugna summā contentione pugnata: inclitam in ponte pugnam . . . pugnatam, L.: bella, H.: pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis, the fighting goes on , Cs.: comminus gladiis pugnatum est, Cs.— To contend, dispute : de dis inmortalibus: pugnant Stoici cum Peripateticis: pugnare, non esse rerum controversiam, sed nominum.— To contend against, oppose, resist, contradict, struggle with : ut totā in oratione tuā tecum ipse pugnares, you contradicted yourself : pugnat sententia secum, H.: placitone etiam pugnabis amori? V.; cf. Frigida pugnabant calidis, Mollia cum duris, etc., cold bodies contended with hot , etc., O.: pugnant materque sororque, i. e. love for the mother and love for the sister , O.: pugnatum est arte medendi, (the plague) was resisted by the healing art , O.— To struggle, strive, endeavor, make exertion : illud pugna et enitere, ne, etc.: pugnas, ne reddar, Achille, O.: pugnarentque collegae, ut, etc., L.: mollīs evincere somnos, O.: in mea Volnera, strive for what will smite me , O.
Origins
Proto-Indo-European *pewǵ-der. Proto-Indo-European *puǵnos Proto-Italic *pugnos Latin pugnus Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu. Proto-Italic *-ājō Proto-Italic *-āō Latin -ō Latin pugnō From pugnus (“fist”) + -ō.
Descendants
- Catalanpunyar
- Frenchpugnerfrom Old French puignier
- Italianpugnare
- Occitanpunhar
- Spanishpuñar
- Spanishpugnar
- Sardinianpunnare
- Asturianpuñar
- Franco-Provençalpugnier
- Galicianpuñar