verbthird conjugation
inclūdō
inclūdō (present infinitive inclūdere, perfect active inclūsī, supine inclūsum)
Classical[ɪŋˈkɫuː.doː]Ecclesiastical[iŋˈkluː.do]
Meaning
- to shut up or in, confine, enclose, imprison, keep in
- to obstruct, restrain, hinder
- to limit, control
- to close
- to finish, end
- figurativelyto include, enclose or insert something, incorporate
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
shut in
inclūdō -ere — in De Bello Gallico III
Conjugation conjugation 3
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | inclūdō | inclūdēbam | inclūdam | inclūsī | inclūseram | inclūserō |
| 2nd sg. | inclūdis | inclūdēbās | inclūdēs | inclūsistī | inclūserās | inclūseris |
| 3rd sg. | inclūdit | inclūdēbat | inclūdet | inclūsit | inclūserat | inclūserit |
| 1st pl. | inclūdimus | inclūdēbāmus | inclūdēmus | inclūsimus | inclūserāmus | inclūserimus |
| 2nd pl. | inclūditis | inclūdēbātis | inclūdētis | inclūsistis | inclūserātis | inclūseritis |
| 3rd pl. | inclūdunt | inclūdēbant | inclūdent | inclūsērunt inclūsēre | inclūserant | inclūserint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | inclūdam | inclūderem | inclūserim | inclūsissem |
| 2nd sg. | inclūdās | inclūderēs | inclūserīs | inclūsissēs |
| 3rd sg. | inclūdat | inclūderet | inclūserit | inclūsisset |
| 1st pl. | inclūdāmus | inclūderēmus | inclūserīmus | inclūsissēmus |
| 2nd pl. | inclūdātis | inclūderētis | inclūserītis | inclūsissētis |
| 3rd pl. | inclūdant | inclūderent | inclūserint | inclūsissent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | inclūdor | inclūdēbar | inclūdar |
| 2nd sg. | inclūderis inclūdere | inclūdēbāris inclūdēbāre | inclūdēris inclūdēre |
| 3rd sg. | inclūditur | inclūdēbātur | inclūdētur |
| 1st pl. | inclūdimur | inclūdēbāmur | inclūdēmur |
| 2nd pl. | inclūdiminī | inclūdēbāminī | inclūdēminī |
| 3rd pl. | inclūduntur | inclūdēbantur | inclūdentur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | inclūdar | inclūderer |
| 2nd sg. | inclūdāris inclūdāre | inclūderēris inclūderēre |
| 3rd sg. | inclūdātur | inclūderētur |
| 1st pl. | inclūdāmur | inclūderēmur |
| 2nd pl. | inclūdāminī | inclūderēminī |
| 3rd pl. | inclūdantur | inclūderentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | inclūde | inclūdere |
| pres. 2nd pl. | inclūdite | inclūdiminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | inclūditō | inclūditor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | inclūditō | inclūditor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | inclūditōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | inclūduntō | inclūduntor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | inclūdere | inclūdī |
| perfect infinitive | inclūsisse | inclūsum esse |
| future infinitive | inclūsūrum esse | inclūsum īrī |
| present participle | inclūdēns | — |
| perfect participle | — | inclūsus inclūsa, inclūsā, inclūsae, inclūsam, inclūsārum, inclūsās, inclūse, inclūsīs, inclūsō, inclūsōrum, inclūsōs |
| future participle | inclūsūrus inclūsūra, inclūsūrā, inclūsūrae, inclūsūram, inclūsūrārum, inclūsūrās, inclūsūre, inclūsūrī, inclūsūrīs, inclūsūrō, inclūsūrōrum, inclūsūrōs, inclūsūrum | inclūdendus inclūdundus, inclūdenda, inclūdendā, inclūdendae, inclūdendam, inclūdendārum, inclūdendās, inclūdende, inclūdendīs, inclūdendōrum, inclūdendōs |
gerundinclūdendī, inclūdendō, inclūdendumsupineinclūsum, inclūsū
Phrases from Meissner's Latin Phrase-Book
- includere in orationem aliquid
- to interpolate, insert something.
in-clūdo, si, sum, 3, v. a. claudo,
I. to shut up, shut in, confine, enclose, imprison, keep in (class.).—Constr. with in and abl., in and acc., rarely with the simple abl., dat., or absol.
I. Lit.
(a). With in and abl.:
habemus senatusconsultum inclusum in tabulis, tamquam in vagina reconditum, Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 4: armatos in cella Concordiae, id. Phil. 3, 12, 31: in uno cubiculo, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 133: in curia, id. Att. 6, 1, 6; 6, 2, 8: omne animal in mundo intus, id. Univ. 10: dum sumus inclusi in his compagibus corporis, id. de Sen. 21, 77: consule in carcere incluso, id. Att. 2, 1, 8; cf.: avis inclusa in cavea, id. Div. 2, 35, 73; cf.: (Animus) inclusus in corpore, id. Rep. 6, 26: veriti, ne includerentur vento in hostium orā, weather-bound on the coast, Liv. 37, 24, 9.— (b). With in and acc.:
aliquem in custodias, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 144: aliquem in carcerem, Liv. 38, 59 fin.— (g). With the simple abl.:
inclusi parietibus, Cic. Rep. 3, 9; cf.: aliquem carcere, Liv. 38, 60, 6: vim terrae cavernis, Cic. Div. 1, 36, 79; id. de Sen. 15, 51: inclusus caveā, Ov. Ib. 521: minora castra inclusa majoribus, Caes. B. C. 3, 66, 5; cf. id. ib. 3, 67 fin.: grandes zmaragdos auro, i. e. to set, Lucr. 4, 1127; cf.: suras auro, to sheathe, Verg. A. 11, 488; 12, 430: inclusus carcere nassae, caught, Juv. 12, 123.—(d). With dat.:
corpora furtim Includunt caeco lateri, Verg. A. 2, 19: publicae custodiae aliquem, Val. Max. 4, 6, ext. 3.—(ε) Absol., or with acc.: inclusum atque abditum latere in occulto, Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 21: fila numerata porri, Juv. 14, 133: intrat positas inclusa per aequora moles, id. 12, 75: pars Heracleae incluserunt sese, Liv. 36, 17, 9; for which: Aetolorum utraeque manus Heracleam sese incluserunt, id. 36, 16, 5: si quis alienum hominem aut pecudem incluserit et fame necaverit, Gai. Inst. 3, 219.—Poet.: huc aliena ex arbore germen Includunt, ingraft, Verg. G. 2, 76. — B. Transf.
1. To obstruct, hinder, stop up (rare, and mostly post-Aug.):
dolor includit vocem, Cic. Rab. Post. 17, 48: consuli primo tam novae rei admiratio incluserat vocem, Liv. 2, 2, 8: spiritum, id. 21, 58, 4; Plin. 11, 37, 84, § 209: lacrimas (dolor), Stat. Th. 12, 318: os alicui insertā spongiā, Sen. de Ira, 3, 10: post inclusum volatum, Pall. 1, 26, 1; cf. 7, 5, 4.— 2. To bound, limit:
Asiam in duas partes Agrippa divisit: unam inclusit ab oriente Phrygia . . . alteram determinavit ab oriente Armenia minore, etc., Plin. 5, 27, 28, § 102. —II. Trop.
A. In gen., to include, enclose, insert in any thing.
(a). With in and abl.:
qua de re agitur illud, quod multis locis in jurisconsultorum includitur formulis, Cic. Brut. 79, 275: similem sui speciem in clipeo Minervae, id. Tusc. 1, 15, 34: animorum salus inclusa in ipsa est, id. ib. 4, 27, 58.— (b). With in and acc.:
in hujus me tu consilii societatem tamquam in equum Trojanum cum principibus includis? Cic. Phil. 2, 13, 32: quam (opinationem) in omnes definitiones superiores inclusimus, id. Tusc. 4, 7, 15; id. Att. 13, 19, 3: eos in eam formam, id. Or. 5, 19: orationem in epistulam, id. Att. 1, 16, 10; id. Q. Fr. 1, 7, 24.— (g). With abl. (freq. in Liv.):
illa quae mihi sunt inclusa medullis, Cic. Att. 15, 4, 3; cf. Liv. 36, 17, 11; 6, 8, 9: oratio libro inclusa, id. 45, 25, 3: verba versu includere, Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 184: si aperias haec, quae verbo uno inclusa erant, Quint. 8, 3, 68; 12, 10, 66: antiquo me includere ludo quaeris, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 3.— (d). With dat.: τοποθεσίαν quam postulas, includam orationi meae, Cic. Att. 1, 13, 5; cf. Liv. 45, 25, 3:
quas aureae armillae inclusas gestavit, Suet. Ner. 6 fin.: portae, Val. Max. 5, 6, 3.— (ε) With adv. of place: intus inclusum periculum est, Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 11.— B. In partic.
1. Of time, to close, finish, end (poet. and in post-Aug. prose):
sic nobis, qui nunc magnum spiramus amantes, Forsitan includet crastina fata dies, Prop. 2, 15 (3, 7), 54; cf. Sil. 13, 686: tempora quae semel Notis condita fastis Inclusit (= consignavit), volucris dies, Hor. C. 4, 13, 16; so, hujus actionem (vespera), Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 18: mellationem idibus Nov. fere, Plin. 11, 16, 15, § 42: omnes potiones aqua frigida, Cels. 1, 8 fin.— 2. To restrain, control:
adversus imperatorem, nullis neque temporis nec juris inclusum angustiis, Liv. 24, 8, 7.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
inclūdō sī, sus, ere
1 in+claudo, to shut up, shut in, confine, enclose, imprison, keep in: inclusum atque abditum latēre in occulto: Fila numerata porri, Iu.: Heracleae sese, L.: alios secum, V.: Teucri densā inclusere coronā, closed their ranks around (him), V.: habemus SC inclusum in tabulis: dum sumus inclusi in his compagibus corporis: Inclusae in pumice apes, V.: (animus) inclusus in corpore: includuntur in carcerem condemnati: inclusi parietibus: duces carcere, L.: minora castra inclusa maioribus, Cs.: inclusa tela pharetrā, O.: suras auro, sheathe, V.: inclusus carcere nassae, caught, Iu.: corpora furtim Includunt caeco lateri, V.: huc aliena ex arbore germen Includent, ingraft, V.—To shut off, obstruct, hinder, stop up: limina portis, O.: Pars inclusa caloribus Mundi, H.: dolor includit vocem: spiritum, L.—To interweave: Inclusae auro vestes, inwrought, V.: Inclusum buxo ebur, V.— Fig., to include, enclose, insert, embrace, comprehend: illud, quod in iuris consultorum includitur formulis: animorum salus inclusa in ipsā est: in huius me consili societatem: eos in eam formam: odium inclusum sensibus: oratio libro inclusa, L.: (tempora) fastis, chronicle, H.: quaeris antiquo me includere ludo, H.: alqd orationi: intus inclusum periculum est.—To restrain, control: voluptates inclusae diutius: imperator nullis iuris inclusus angustiis, L.—To close, end: forsitan includet crastina fata dies, Pr.
Origins
From in- + claudō (“shut, end; imprison; restrict”).
Borrowings
- Catalanincloure
- Englishinclude
- Englishinclose
- Frenchinclure
- Italianincludere
- Occitaninclure
- Portugueseincluir
- Romanianinclude
- Spanishincluir
- Asturianincluir
Gallo-Romance
- Catalanencloure
- Occitanenclaure
- Old Frenchenclore
Balkano-Romance
- Romanianînchide
- Aromanianncljid
Italo-Romance
- Italianinchiudere
- Neapolitannchiudere
- Siciliannchiùdiri
Ibero-Romance
- Galicianenchoer
In English words that came into English from inclūdō
- includeinclūdō
- enclosureinclūdō
- inclusioninclusio
- enclose*inclaudo
- inclusiveinclūsīvus