verbthird conjugation
surgō
surgō (present infinitive surgere, perfect active surrēxī, supine surrēctum)
Classical[ˈsʊr.ɡoː]Ecclesiastical[ˈsur.ɡo]
№ 570 of the 1,000 commonest wordsMille Verba core vocabulary
Meaning
- intransitiveto rise; to arise; to rise from bed; to get up; to stand up
4th c., Jerome, Canticum Canticōrum 2:10
Arise, hurry up, my beloved, my beautiful, and come.Exsurge, Domine, et jūdicā causam Tuam; memor estō improperiōrum Tuorum, eōrum quae ab īnsipiente sunt tōtā diē.
Arise, O Lord, and judge Your own cause. Remember Your reproaches to those who are filled with foolishness all through the day.1520, Pope Leo X, Exsurge Domine: - Old Latintransitiveto lift up; to straighten
- to occur; to take place; to arise; to manifest; to spring up
‘auspicibus vōbīs hoc mihi surgat opus.’
“May this work of mine rise under your auspices.” (Romulus has marked out the walls of Rome and prays for divine favor.)8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 4.830 - figurativelyto become elevated or prestigious
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
ē lectō vel sellā mē tollō; māne surgimus.surgō -ere — in Mille Verba, Corpus Hūmānum
mē tollō, exsurgōsurgō -ere — in Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, ch. 1, 6, 9
ē lectō mē tollōsurgō -ere — in Evangelium secundum Marcum, ch. 3
to get up
surgō -ere — in Viri Romae Facillimi, ch. 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26 and Seneca, ch. V
Conjugation conjugation 3
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | surgō | surgēbam | surgam | surrēxī | surrēxeram | surrēxerō |
| 2nd sg. | surgis | surgēbās | surgēs | surrēxistī | surrēxerās | surrēxeris |
| 3rd sg. | surgit | surgēbat | surget | surrēxit | surrēxerat | surrēxerit |
| 1st pl. | surgimus | surgēbāmus | surgēmus | surrēximus | surrēxerāmus | surrēxerimus |
| 2nd pl. | surgitis | surgēbātis | surgētis | surrēxistis | surrēxerātis | surrēxeritis |
| 3rd pl. | surgunt | surgēbant | surgent | surrēxērunt surrēxēre | surrēxerant | surrēxerint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | surgam | surgerem | surrēxerim | surrēxissem |
| 2nd sg. | surgās | surgerēs | surrēxerīs | surrēxissēs |
| 3rd sg. | surgat | surgeret | surrēxerit | surrēxisset |
| 1st pl. | surgāmus | surgerēmus | surrēxerīmus | surrēxissēmus |
| 2nd pl. | surgātis | surgerētis | surrēxerītis | surrēxissētis |
| 3rd pl. | surgant | surgerent | surrēxerint | surrēxissent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | surgor | surgēbar | surgar |
| 2nd sg. | surgeris surgere | surgēbāris surgēbāre | surgēris surgēre |
| 3rd sg. | surgitur | surgēbātur | surgētur |
| 1st pl. | surgimur | surgēbāmur | surgēmur |
| 2nd pl. | surgiminī | surgēbāminī | surgēminī |
| 3rd pl. | surguntur | surgēbantur | surgentur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | surgar | surgerer |
| 2nd sg. | surgāris surgāre | surgerēris surgerēre |
| 3rd sg. | surgātur | surgerētur |
| 1st pl. | surgāmur | surgerēmur |
| 2nd pl. | surgāminī | surgerēminī |
| 3rd pl. | surgantur | surgerentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | surge | surgere |
| pres. 2nd pl. | surgite | surgiminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | surgitō | surgitor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | surgitō | surgitor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | surgitōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | surguntō | surguntor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | surgere | surgī |
| perfect infinitive | surrēxisse | surrēctum esse |
| future infinitive | surrēctūrum esse | surrēctum īrī |
| present participle | surgēns | — |
| perfect participle | — | surrēctus |
| future participle | surrēctūrus | surgendus surgundus |
gerundsurgendī, surgendō, surgendumsupinesurrēctum, surrēctū
Lewis & Short A Latin Dictionary, 1879
surgo and surrĭgo (subr-): surrexi and subrexi, surrectum and subrectum, 3 (
I. perf. surregit, Paul. ex Fest. p. 296 Müll.;
orig. forms: surrigit, Verg. A. 4, 183; Sen. Q. N. 6, 4: surriguntur, id. Ira, 1, 1 med.: surrigebant, Hier. Vit. Hil. fin.: subrigens, Plin. 9, 29, 47, § 88; 10, 29, 44, § 86: subrigere, id. 18, 35, 89, § 365. — Sync. forms: surrexti, Mart. 5, 79, 1: surrexe, Hor. S. 1, 9, 73), v. a. and n. contr. from surrigo, from sub-rego. I. Act., to lift or raise up, to raise, erect, elevate (very rare;
after the Aug. per., the original uncontracted forms were chiefly used in this sense, to distinguish it from the class. signif., II.): plaudite, valete: lumbos surgite atque extollite, Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 68: caput, Sen. Herc. Fur. 329: omnes capitum hiatus ( = capita hiantia), Stat. Th. 2, 27: surgit caput Apenninus, Avien. Perieg. 484: tot surrigit aures, Verg. A. 4, 183: terrae motus defert montes, surrigit plana, valles extuberat, Sen. Q. N. 6, 4, 2: paulatim subrigens se, Plin. 9, 29, 47, § 88: cristam, id. 10, 29, 44, § 86: cornua, Col. 7, 3, 3; cf. mid.: horrent et surriguntur capilli, rise, stand erect, Sen. Ira, 1, 1, 4: hastae surrectā cuspide in terrā fixae, Liv. 8, 8: mucrone surrecto, id. 7, 10, 10: calcar equo, Front. ad M. Caes. 2, 12: aures subrectae furentibus, Plin. 11, 37, 50, § 137: turres subrectae, Sen. Ep. 86, 4: surrecta moles, Sil. 2, 599.—II. Neutr., to rise, arise, to get up, stand up (the predominant and class. signif. of the word; syn.: exsurgo, exorior).
A. Lit.
1. In gen.:
a mensā surgunt saturi, poti, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 62: a cenā, Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 13: e lecto, Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 4: e lectulo, Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112: de sellā, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 65, § 147: ex subselliis, id. Fl. 10, 22: solio, Ov. M. 3, 273: humo, id. ib. 2, 771; id. F. 6, 735: toro, id. M. 9, 702: toris, id. ib. 12, 579: ab umbris ad lumina vitae, Verg. A. 7, 771.— Esp., of an orator: cur, cum tot summi oratores sedeant, ego potissimum surrexerim, Cic. Rosc. Am. 1, 1: ad dicendum, id. de Or. 2, 78, 316; Quint. 2, 6, 2: ad respondendum, Cic. Clu. 18, 51: surgit ad hos Ajax, Ov. M. 13, 2.—Absol.: nolo eum, qui dicturus est, sollicitum surgere, Quint. 12, 5, 4: secundā vigiliā surgit, breaks up the camp, marches, Curt. 5, 4, 23.—b. Of things, to rise, mount up, ascend (mostly poet.;
syn. ascendo): surgat pius ignis ab arā, Ov. P. 4, 9, 53: jussit subsidere valles ... lapidosos surgere montes, id. M. 1, 44: mons Rhipaeus, Mel. 1, 19 fin.: Atlas, id. 3, 10. — Of the sea: fretum, Ov. M. 14, 711: mare, id. ib. 15, 508: aequora, Verg. A. 3, 196: undae, id. ib. 6, 354: amoeni fontes, Quint. 8, 3, 8: cacumina oleae in altum, id. 8, 3, 10: fistula disparibus avenis, Ov. M. 8, 192; cf. poet.: surgens in cornua cervus ( = ferens cornua ardua), i. e. towering, Verg. A. 10, 725: umeri surgunt, id. ib. 10, 476: lux Praecipitatur aquis et aquis nox surgit ab isdem, Ov. M. 4, 92; id. F. 4, 629: sol, Hor. S. 1, 9, 73: dies, Verg. G. 3, 400: luna, id. A. 6, 453: tenebrae, Sen. Thyest. 822: austri, Verg. A. 3, 481: ventus, id. ib. 5, 777: quae (aedes) proxima surgit ovili, stands, Juv. 6, 529.—2. In partic.
a. To rise, arise, get up from bed, from sleep:
ille multo ante lucem surrexit, Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14: ante lucem, id. Att. 16, 13, a: cum die, Ov. M. 13, 677: mane ad invisas rotas, id. Am. 1, 13, 38: ad lites novas, id. ib. 1, 13, 22: ad praescripta munia, Hor. S. 2, 2, 81.—b. To rise in growth, to spring up, grow up; to rise in building, be built, etc. (poet. and in post - Aug. prose):
venerata Ceres culmo surgeret alto, Hor. S. 2, 2, 124: nec potuere surgere messes, Verg. G. 1, 161: harundo, Ov. M. 13, 891: sementis, Col. 2, 8, 5: surgens arx, Verg. A. 1, 366; cf.: nunc aggere multo Surgit opus, Luc. 2, 679: area cinere mixtisque pumicibus oppleta surrexerat, Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 14: Ascanius surgens, growing, Verg. A. 4, 274.— c. To ascend, go up:
ad auras Aetherias, i. e. into life, Verg. A. 6, 762.—B. Trop., to rise, arise, occur, etc. (poet. and in post-Aug. prose):
multum supra prosam orationem surgit, Quint. 10, 1, 81: quae nunc animo sententia surgit? Verg. A. 1, 582: pugna aspera surgit, id. ib. 9, 667: discordia, id. ib. 12, 313: rumor, Tac. H. 2, 42: honor, Ov. F. 5, 228: ingenium suis velocius annis, id. A. A. 1, 186: non ulla laborum nova mi facies surgit, Verg. A. 6, 104.—Of the swell of a verse: sex mihi surgat opus numeris; in quinque residat (cf.: "in the hexameter rises the fountain's silvery column," Coleridge), Ov. Am. 1, 1, 27. — 2. With in or ad and acc., to rise to or against, to attempt, assume, attack, etc. (poet. and late Lat.):
in Teucros Aetolis surgit ab Arpis Tydides, Verg. A. 10, 28: surrecturus in vires, si ipse quoque lacesseretur, Amm. 31, 3, 4: Procopius in res surrexerat novas, id. 26, 5, 8: ad motum certaminum civilium avide surrecturus, id. 21, 15, 1: ad insontium pericula surrexerunt, id. 21, 13, 14; App. M. 7, p. 198, 3.Origins
- Proto-Indo-European*upó
- Proto-Italic*supo
- Latinsurgō
Latin sub- Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- Proto-Indo-European *-eti Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti Proto-Italic *regō Latin regō Latin subrigō Latin surrigō Latin surgō From subrigō, surrigō, from sub- (“up from below”) + regō (“lead, rule”).
Descendants
- Catalansorgir
- Englishsource
- Englishsurge
- Frenchsourdrefrom Old French sourdre
- Frenchsurgirfrom Old French sourdre
- Englishsourdfrom Old French sourdre
- Italiansorgere
- Portuguesesurgir
- Portuguesesurdir
- Spanishsurdir