verbfirst conjugation
vindicō
vindicō (present infinitive vindicāre, perfect active vindicāvī, supine vindicātum)
Classical[ˈwɪn.dɪ.koː]Ecclesiastical[ˈvin.di.ko]
vindicātus perf. pass. ptcp.
Meaning
- to lay claim to as one's own (often with sibi)
Ita fac, mī Lūcīlī: vindicā tē tibi, et tempus quod adhūc aut auferēbātur aut subripiēbātur aut excidēbat collige et servā.
Do it this way, my dear Lucilius: You ought to claim [it] as your own, and collect and save that time which till now either was being taken [from you], or was stolen, or else was [simply] slipping away. (Seneca’s timeless self-help advice begins emphatically with the second person imperatives “fac,” “vindica,” “collige,” and “serva,” as well as the vocative “tu” and dative “tibi.” An alternative translation with the meaning below: “You ought to free yourself” [from others’ influence].)c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca Minor, Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium 1.1.1 - to set free, liberate, emancipate
- to protect someone from (+ ab or ex aliquō)
Nec dii nec homines [...] ipsam [...] a crudelitate regia vindicant
Nor gods nor men protect him from the royal cruelty27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita I.4Nōn illum nōbīs genetrīx pulcherrima tālem prōmīsit, Grāiumque ideō bis vindicat armīs; [...].
“Not such [a man] as this did his most beautiful mother promise to us, nor for this [purpose] is she protecting him — twice from Greek attacks; ….” (Jupiter speaks about Venus’s mortal son, Aeneas, whom the goddess saved first from Diomedes in Iliad 5.311-318, and later during the fall of Troy in Aeneid 2.589-633. Note that although “promisit” is past tense, “vindicat” is literally present tense: Aeneas remains under Venus’s protection.)29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.227–228 - to avenge, vindicate, punish a deed
- to take action against (+ in aliquem)
- to revenge oneself on one (+ ab or dē aliquō)
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
iniūriam ulcīscorvindicō -āre — in IVLIANVS I: Gallia, ch. 21
suum esse dīcōvindicō -āre (sibi) — in IVLIANVS I: Gallia, ch. 22
mihi prōpriē sūmōvindicō -āre — in IVLIANVS II: Imperium, ch. 10
claim, rescue
vindicā — in Seneca, ch. XIII
Conjugation conjugation 1
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | vindicō | vindicābam | vindicābō | vindicāvī | vindicāveram | vindicāverō vindicārō |
| 2nd sg. | vindicās | vindicābās | vindicābis | vindicāvistī vindicāstī | vindicāverās vindicārās | vindicāveris |
| 3rd sg. | vindicat | vindicābat | vindicābit | vindicāvit | vindicāverat vindicārat | vindicāverit vindicārit |
| 1st pl. | vindicāmus | vindicābāmus | vindicābimus | vindicāvimus | vindicāverāmus | vindicāverimus vindicārimus |
| 2nd pl. | vindicātis | vindicābātis | vindicābitis | vindicāvistis vindicāstis | vindicāverātis vindicārātis | vindicāveritis vindicāritis |
| 3rd pl. | vindicant | vindicābant | vindicābunt | vindicāvērunt vindicāvēre, vindicārunt | vindicāverant vindicārant | vindicāverint vindicārint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | vindicem | vindicārem | vindicāverim vindicārim | vindicāvissem vindicāssem |
| 2nd sg. | vindicēs | vindicārēs | vindicāverīs | vindicāvissēs vindicāssēs |
| 3rd sg. | vindicet | vindicāret | vindicāverit vindicārit | vindicāvisset vindicāsset |
| 1st pl. | vindicēmus | vindicārēmus | vindicāverīmus vindicārīmus | vindicāvissēmus vindicāssēmus |
| 2nd pl. | vindicētis | vindicārētis | vindicāverītis vindicārītis | vindicāvissētis vindicāssētis |
| 3rd pl. | vindicent | vindicārent | vindicāverint vindicārint | vindicāvissent vindicāssent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | vindicor | vindicābar | vindicābor |
| 2nd sg. | vindicāris vindicāre | vindicābāris vindicābāre | vindicāberis vindicābere |
| 3rd sg. | vindicātur | vindicābātur | vindicābitur |
| 1st pl. | vindicāmur | vindicābāmur | vindicābimur |
| 2nd pl. | vindicāminī | vindicābāminī | vindicābiminī |
| 3rd pl. | vindicantur | vindicābantur | vindicābuntur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | vindicer | vindicārer |
| 2nd sg. | vindicēris vindicēre | vindicārēris vindicārēre |
| 3rd sg. | vindicētur | vindicārētur |
| 1st pl. | vindicēmur | vindicārēmur |
| 2nd pl. | vindicēminī | vindicārēminī |
| 3rd pl. | vindicentur | vindicārentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | vindicā | vindicāre |
| pres. 2nd pl. | vindicāte | vindicāminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | vindicātō | vindicātor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | vindicātō | vindicātor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | vindicātōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | vindicantō | vindicantor |
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | vindicāre | vindicārī |
| perfect infinitive | vindicāvisse vindicāsse | vindicātum esse |
| future infinitive | vindicātūrum esse | vindicātum īrī |
| present participle | vindicāns | — |
| perfect participle | — | vindicātus vindicāta, vindicātā, vindicātae, vindicātam, vindicātārum, vindicātās, vindicātī, vindicātōrum, vindicātōs |
| future participle | vindicātūrus vindicātūra, vindicātūrā, vindicātūrae, vindicātūram, vindicātūrārum, vindicātūrās, vindicātūre, vindicātūrī, vindicātūrīs, vindicātūrō, vindicātūrōrum, vindicātūrōs, vindicātūrum | vindicandus |
gerundvindicandī, vindicandō, vindicandumsupinevindicātum, vindicātū
Phrases from Meissner's Latin Phrase-Book
- aliquid ab oblivione vindicare
- to rescue from oblivion.
- ab exitio, ab interitu aliquem vindicare
- to rescue from destruction.
- rem publicam in libertatem vindicare a or ex dominatione
- to deliver the state from a tyranny.
vindĭco (on account of a supposed derivation from venum - dico, also written vendĭco), āvi, ātum, 1 (collat. form, acc. to the 3d conj., VINDICIT, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1 fin.), v. a. vim - dico, prop. to assert authority, viz. in a case where legal possession of a thing claimed is refused; hence, transf.,
I. to lay legal claim to a thing, whether as one's own property or for its restoration to a free condition.
I. Lit.: IN. IVS. DVCITO. NI IVDICATVM FACIT AVT QVIS ENDO EOM IVRE VINDICIT, i. e. eum in jure vindicat, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; cf., on the form of laying claim to disputed personal property, Gai Inst. 4, 16:
vindicare sponsam in libertatem, Liv. 3, 45, 11; cf. id. 3, 48, 5; 3, 46, 7: puellam, id. 3, 46, 3: ita vindicatur Virginia spondentibus propinquis, id. 3, 46, 8.—II. Transf., in gen. (freq. and class.; cf. assero).
A. To lay claim to as one's own, to make a claim upon, to demand, claim, arrogate, assume, appropriate a thing:
omnia non Quiritium sed sapientium jure pro suis vindicare, Cic. Rep. 1, 17, 27: videor id meo jure quodam modo vindicare, id. Off. 1, 1, 2: Homerum ... Chii suum vindicant, id. Arch. 8, 19: ortūs nostri partem patria vindicat, id. Off. 1, 7, 22: maximam partem quasi suo jure Fortuna sibi vindicat, id. Marcell. 2, 6: ceterarum rerum quae sunt in oratore, partem aliquam sibi quisque vindicat, id. Or. 19, 69: quod neque summi imperatores ... sibi umquam vindicare sunt ausi, Quint. 1, prooem. § 14: partem oneris tui mihi vindico, Plin. Ep. 6, 32, 2: majestatem sibi, id. Pan. 42, 1: partis sibi aequas potentiae, Suet. Tib. 50; id. Tit. 5; Sen. Ira, 3, 30, 3; id. Cons. Helv. 3, 9; id. Q. N. 1, 1, 10; Val. Max. 4, 3, 1; 5, 3, ext. 2; cf. Plin. Pan. 8, 2; Val. Max. 4, 5, 3: iniquissima haec bellorum condicio est; prospera omnes sibi vindicant, adversa uni imputantur, Tac. Agr. 27: victoriae majore parte ad se vindicatā, Liv. 44, 14, 8: decus belli ad se, id. 9, 43, 14: tanta tamen universae Galliae consensio fuit libertatis vindicandae, ut, etc., should be maintained, vindicated, Caes. B. G. 7, 76: Trasimenum pro Tarsimeno multi auctores ... vindicaverunt, have adopted, Quint. 1, 5, 13; so id. 1, 5, 26: vindicet antiquam faciem, vultusque ferinos Detrahat, reassume, Ov. M. 2, 523.—Poet., with inf.: vindicat hoc Pharius dextrā gestare satelles, Luc. 8, 675.— B. To place a thing in a free condition.
1. In libertatem vindicare, to set free, to free, emancipate:
in libertatem rem populi, Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48: ex dominatu Ti. Gracchi in libertatem rem publicam, id. Brut. 58, 212: rem publicam afflictam et oppressam in veterem dignitatem ac libertatem, i. e. to restore, id. Fam. 2, 5, 2: Galliam in libertatem, Caes. B. G. 7, 1: se et populum Romanum in libertatem, id. B. C. 1, 22.—2. To deliver, liberate, protect, defend:
te ab eo vindico et libero, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3, § 9: nos a verberibus, ab unco, a crucis terrore neque res gestae neque acta aetas neque vestri honores vindicabunt? id. Rab. Perd. 5, 16: sapientia sola nos a libidinum impetu et formidinum terrore vindicat, id. Fin. 1, 14, 46: quin ab hoc ignotissimo Phryge nobilissimum civem vindicetis? id. Fl. 17, 40: aliquem a miseriis morte, id. Brut. 96, 329: a molestiā, id. Q. Fr. 1, 4, 2: a labore, id. Sull. 9, 26: domum suam a solitudine, id. de Or. 1, 45, 199: laudem summorum oratorum ab oblivione hominum atque a silentio, rescue, id. ib. 2, 2, 7: sed ab hac necessitate egregie vos fortuna vindicat, Liv. 37, 54, 10: corpora a putrescendo (sal), Plin. 31, 9, 45, § 98: ebur a carie (vetus oleum), id. 15, 7, 7, § 32: capillum a canitie, id. 28, 11, 46, § 164: se non modo ex suspitione tanti sceleris, verum etiam ex omni hominum sermone, Cic. Sull. 20, 59: perpetienda illa fuerunt, ut se aliquando ad suos vindicaret, might restore, id. Rab. Post. 9, 25: quam dura ad saxa revinctam Vindicat Alcides, sets free, Ov. M. 11, 213: tandem absolutus vindicatusque est (reus), Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 1.— C. With respect to some wrong perpetrated (cf. ulciscor), to avenge, revenge, punish; to take vengeance on any one; make compensation for:
omnia quae vindicaris in altero, sibi ipsi vehementer fugienda sunt, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 2, § 4: maleficium in aliis vindicare, id. Sull. 6, 19: facinus in nullo etiam, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 194: dolum malum et legibus, id. Off. 3, 15, 61. acerrime maleficia, id. Rosc. Am. 5, 12: consensionem improborum supplicio omni, id. Lael. 12, 43: eam rem quam vehementer, id. Quint. 7, 28: Ti. Gracchi conatus perditos, id. Off. 1, 30, 109: necem Crassi, Ov. F. 6, 468: offensas ense, id. Tr. 3, 8, 40: fortuita non civium tantummodo sed urbium damna principis munificentia vindicat, Vell. 2, 126, 4.—Impers. pass.: fateor non modo in socios, sed etiam in cives militesque nostros persaepe esse severe ac vehementer vindicatum, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 50, § 133: vindicandum in eos, Sall. J. 31, 18: vindicatum in eos, qui, etc., id. C. 9, 4; cf.: in quos (Venetos) eo gravius Caesar vindicandum statuit, quo diligentius, etc., Caes. B. G. 3, 16.—2. Transf. (after the analogy of ulcisci): vindicare se ab (de) aliquo, to revenge one's self upon one:
se ab illo, Sen. Ben. 6, 5, 3: se de fortunā praefationibus, Plin. Ep. 4, 11, 14.—Pass.: quantā saevitiā opus erat, ut Sulla de Mario vindicaretur, Flor. 3, 21, 19.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
vindicō (vend-) āvī, ātus, āre
vindex.—In law, to assert a claim to, demand formally, ask judgment for: puellam in posterum diem, i. e. to take charge of under bonds to appear the next day, L.: ita vindicatur Virginia spondentibus propinquis, L.—To claim as one's own, make a claim upon, demand, claim, arrogate, assume, appropriate omnia iure pro suis vindicare: Homerum Chii suum vindicant: prospera omnes sibi vindicant, adversa uni imputantur, Ta.: victoriae maiore parte ad se vindicatā, L.: Galliae consensio fuit libertatis vindicandae, ut, etc., should be maintained, Cs.: antiquam faciem, reassume, O.—In the phrase, in libertatem vindicare, to claim for freedom, set free, free, emancipate: in libertatem rem populi: rem p. in veterem dignitatem ac libertatem, i. e. to restore: se et populum R. in libertatem, Cs.—To serve as champion, deliver, liberate, protect, defend, save: te ab eo: nos a verberibus: ab hac necessitate vos fortuna vindicat, L.: perpetienda illa fuerunt, ut se aliquando ac suos vindicaret, might protect: quam dura ad saxa revinctam Vindicat Alcides, sets free, O.—To act as avenger, avenge, revenge, punish, take vengeance on, recompense: quo (perfugio), nisi vos vindicatis, utentur necessario: contionibus populum ad vindicandum hortari, S.: quae vindicaris in altero, tibi ipsi fugienda sunt: improborum consensionem supplicio omni: Ti. Gracchi conatūs perditos: necem Crassi, O.: fateor in civīs persaepe esse severe vindicatum: in quos (Venetos) eo gravius Caesar vindicandum statuit, Cs.
Origins
- Proto-Indo-European*wéyHs
- Proto-Italic*wīs
- Latinvindicō
Latin dīcere Proto-Indo-European *-s Latin -s Latin vindex Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu. Proto-Italic *-ājō Proto-Italic *-āō Latin -ō Latin vindicō From vindex (“defender, protector”) + -ō (“denominative”).
Borrowings
- Catalanvindicar
- Englishvindicate
- Englishvenge
- Germanvindizieren
- Portuguesevindicar
- Spanishvindicar
- Venetanvendicar
Southern Gallo-Romance
- Catalanvenjar
- Occitanvenjarfrom Old Occitan venjar
Ibero-Romance
- Portuguesevingarfrom Old Galician-Portuguese vingar
- Spanishvengar
- Galicianvingarfrom Old Galician-Portuguese vingar
Balkano-Romance
- Romanianvindeca, vindecare
- Aromanianvindic, vindicari
Italo-Dalmatian
- Italianvendicare
- Friuliansvindicâfrom Italian vendicare
- Ligurianvendicâfrom Italian vendicare
- Lombardvendicàfrom Italian vendicare
- Piedmontesevendichéfrom Italian vendicare
- Sicilianvinnicari
- Sicilianminnicari
- Venetanvendegar
Rhaeto-Romance
- Romanshvinschar
- Romanshvinditgar
Gallo-Italic
- Old Lombardsvengiare
- Piedmontesevengé
Northern Gallo-Romance
- Old Frenchvenchier
- Old Frenchvengier
In English words that came into English from vindicō
- revengevindicō
- vindicatevindicātus
- vindicationvendicātio
- vindicatorvindicātor
- vendicatevendicāre