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“solvent” in Latin

The English word solvent itself goes back to Latin luō, through solventem.

Riddle & Arnold A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon, 1864

solvent
Able to pay, qui est solvendo (Cic.): qui est ad solvendum (Vitr.): idoneus (e.g., debitor). To swear that one is not solvent, bonam copiam ejurare.
Able to dissolve, *qui corpus aliquid solvere, dissolvere, potest.

Quick answer

What is the Latin word for solvent?
The usual Latin words for “solvent” are idōneus, dissolvō, possum; also dēbitor. The right choice depends on the sense; see the distinctions below.

Entry from J. E. Riddle & T. K. Arnold, A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon (rev. C. Anthon, New York: Harper, 1864), digitised by Fergus J. P. Walsh, CC BY-SA 4.0; Latin markup adapted by latindictionary.co.