LATIN DICTIONARYLexicon Latīnum
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“note” in Latin

The English word note itself goes back to Latin nota.

Riddle & Arnold A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon, 1864

note v.
notare (to put down in writing; also, to observe as remarkable; but in the latter sense not till after Augustus: there is no authority for its use in the sense of “to make an explanatory observation “): annotare (to mark down in writing; then, especially, to make a corrective or explanatory remark, although it occurs thus for the first time after Augustus; Vid: Plin., Ep., 9, 26, 5, visus es mihi in scriptis meis annotare quaedam ut tumida, quae ego sublimia arbitrabar; Quint., 1, 14, 7, de quibus in orthographia pauca annotabo: (☞ Admonere and animadvertere in this sense would be quite wrong).
note
Mark, nota; signum; insigne; indicium [SYN. in MARK, Vid:] : Note of admiration, signum exclamationis (grammatical).
Annotation, annotatio (technical term of post-Augustan, grammarians): *scholion (an explanatory note: σχόλιον, Graec. in Cic., Att., 16, 7, 3): explicatio; interpretatio. [☞ Nota, PROP., the censor’s mark, i. e., censure, is defended by Hand and Weber as having been long used as technical term.] To write a few notes, pauca annotare (de aliqua re); on a book, commentari librum (Suet., Gram., 2); commentaria in librum componere (Gell., 2, 6, init.). Note-Latin, *vocabula Latina quibus grammatici in annotationibus scribendis utuntur.
In music, *soni or vocis signum; *nota musica (Kraft): notes, modi musici (musical pieces): to sing from notes, *ex libello canere (not from the memory): *ab oculo canere (at sight, after Petronius, 75, 4).
Billet, epistolium (but only Catullus, 66 or 68, 2): epistola pusilla: literulae
NOTE OF HAND, chirographum (to be distinguished from syngrapha = a deed drawn up as a formal contract, and signed by both parties): to lend money on a note of hand, *chirographo exhibito pecuniam alicui credere: to borrow money on a note of hand, *per chirographum pecuniam mutuam sumere: to give a note of hand, chirographum exhibere (Vid: Gell., 14, 2, chirographi exhibitio): to give a note of hand for anything, chirographo cavere de re (Suet., Cal., 12).

Quick answer

What is the Latin word for note?
The usual Latin words for “note” are notō, nōtus, signum; also īnsigne, indicium, annotātiō. The right choice depends on the sense; see the distinctions below.

Entry from J. E. Riddle & T. K. Arnold, A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon (rev. C. Anthon, New York: Harper, 1864), digitised by Fergus J. P. Walsh, CC BY-SA 4.0; Latin markup adapted by latindictionary.co.