verbfirst conjugation
acerbō
acerbō (present infinitive acerbāre, perfect active acerbāvī, supine acerbātum)
Classical[aˈkɛr.boː]Ecclesiastical[aˈt͡ʃɛr.bo]
Meaning
- transitiveto make harsh or bitter, embitter
- transitiveto augment or aggravate something disagreeable, make worse, exacerbate
Conjugation conjugation 1
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | acerbō | acerbābam | acerbābō | acerbāvī | acerbāveram | acerbāverō acerbārō |
| 2nd sg. | acerbās | acerbābās | acerbābis | acerbāvistī acerbāstī | acerbāverās acerbārās | acerbāveris |
| 3rd sg. | acerbat | acerbābat | acerbābit | acerbāvit | acerbāverat acerbārat | acerbāverit acerbārit |
| 1st pl. | acerbāmus | acerbābāmus | acerbābimus | acerbāvimus | acerbāverāmus | acerbāverimus acerbārimus |
| 2nd pl. | acerbātis | acerbābātis | acerbābitis | acerbāvistis acerbāstis | acerbāverātis acerbārātis | acerbāveritis acerbāritis |
| 3rd pl. | acerbant | acerbābant | acerbābunt | acerbāvērunt acerbāvēre, acerbārunt | acerbāverant acerbārant | acerbāverint acerbārint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | acerbem | acerbārem | acerbāverim acerbārim | acerbāvissem acerbāssem |
| 2nd sg. | acerbēs | acerbārēs | acerbāverīs | acerbāvissēs acerbāssēs |
| 3rd sg. | acerbet | acerbāret | acerbāverit acerbārit | acerbāvisset acerbāsset |
| 1st pl. | acerbēmus | acerbārēmus | acerbāverīmus acerbārīmus | acerbāvissēmus acerbāssēmus |
| 2nd pl. | acerbētis | acerbārētis | acerbāverītis acerbārītis | acerbāvissētis acerbāssētis |
| 3rd pl. | acerbent | acerbārent | acerbāverint acerbārint | acerbāvissent acerbāssent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | acerbor | acerbābar | acerbābor |
| 2nd sg. | acerbāris acerbāre | acerbābāris acerbābāre | acerbāberis acerbābere |
| 3rd sg. | acerbātur | acerbābātur | acerbābitur |
| 1st pl. | acerbāmur | acerbābāmur | acerbābimur |
| 2nd pl. | acerbāminī | acerbābāminī | acerbābiminī |
| 3rd pl. | acerbantur | acerbābantur | acerbābuntur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | acerber | acerbārer |
| 2nd sg. | acerbēris acerbēre | acerbārēris acerbārēre |
| 3rd sg. | acerbētur | acerbārētur |
| 1st pl. | acerbēmur | acerbārēmur |
| 2nd pl. | acerbēminī | acerbārēminī |
| 3rd pl. | acerbentur | acerbārentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | acerbā | acerbāre |
| pres. 2nd pl. | acerbāte | acerbāminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | acerbātō | acerbātor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | acerbātō | acerbātor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | acerbātōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | acerbantō | acerbantor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | acerbāre | acerbārī |
| perfect infinitive | acerbāvisse acerbāsse | acerbātum esse |
| future infinitive | acerbātūrum esse | acerbātum īrī |
| present participle | acerbāns | — |
| perfect participle | — | acerbātus acerbāta, acerbātā, acerbātae, acerbātam, acerbātārum, acerbātās, acerbātī, acerbātōrum, acerbātōs |
| future participle | acerbātūrus acerbātūra, acerbātūrā, acerbātūrae, acerbātūram, acerbātūrārum, acerbātūrās, acerbātūre, acerbātūrī, acerbātūrīs, acerbātūrō, acerbātūrōrum, acerbātūrōs, acerbātūrum | acerbandus acerbanda, acerbandā, acerbandae, acerbandam, acerbandārum, acerbandās, acerbande, acerbandīs, acerbandōrum, acerbandōs |
gerundacerbandī, acerbandō, acerbandumsupineacerbātum, acerbātū
ăcerbo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. id. (vox Vergil.).
I. To make harsh or bitter, to embitter; lit. and trop. (very rare):
gaudia, Stat. Th. 12, 75: mortem, Val. Fl. 6, 655.— Hence in an extended sense, II. To augment or aggravate any thing disagreeable (cf. acuo):
formidine crimen acerbat, Verg. A. 11, 407: nefas Eteoclis, Stat. Th. 3, 214.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
acerbō —, āre
acerbus, to aggravate, make worse (rare): formidine crimen, V.
Origins
- Proto-Indo-European*h₂eḱ-
- Proto-Indo-European*h₂eḱrós
- Proto-Italic*akris
- Proto-Indo-European*dʰeh₁-
- Proto-Italic*akriðos
- Latinacerbō
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu. Proto-Italic *-ājō Proto-Italic *-āō Latin -ō Latin acerbō From acerbus (“harsh, bitter”) + -ō.
Descendants
- Englishacerbate
- Englishexacerbate
- TranslingualAcerbas