verbfirst conjugation
exacerbō
exacerbō (present infinitive exacerbāre, perfect active exacerbāvī, supine exacerbātum)
Classical[ɛk.saˈkɛr.boː]Ecclesiastical[eɡ.zaˈt͡ʃɛr.bo]
Meaning
- to exasperate, irritate, provoke
- to aggravate
Conjugation conjugation 1
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | exacerbō | exacerbābam | exacerbābō | exacerbāvī | exacerbāveram | exacerbāverō exacerbārō |
| 2nd sg. | exacerbās | exacerbābās | exacerbābis | exacerbāvistī exacerbāstī | exacerbāverās exacerbārās | exacerbāveris |
| 3rd sg. | exacerbat | exacerbābat | exacerbābit | exacerbāvit | exacerbāverat exacerbārat | exacerbāverit exacerbārit |
| 1st pl. | exacerbāmus | exacerbābāmus | exacerbābimus | exacerbāvimus | exacerbāverāmus | exacerbāverimus exacerbārimus |
| 2nd pl. | exacerbātis | exacerbābātis | exacerbābitis | exacerbāvistis exacerbāstis | exacerbāverātis exacerbārātis | exacerbāveritis exacerbāritis |
| 3rd pl. | exacerbant | exacerbābant | exacerbābunt | exacerbāvērunt exacerbāvēre, exacerbārunt | exacerbāverant exacerbārant | exacerbāverint exacerbārint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | exacerbem | exacerbārem | exacerbāverim exacerbārim | exacerbāvissem exacerbāssem |
| 2nd sg. | exacerbēs | exacerbārēs | exacerbāverīs | exacerbāvissēs exacerbāssēs |
| 3rd sg. | exacerbet | exacerbāret | exacerbāverit exacerbārit | exacerbāvisset exacerbāsset |
| 1st pl. | exacerbēmus | exacerbārēmus | exacerbāverīmus exacerbārīmus | exacerbāvissēmus exacerbāssēmus |
| 2nd pl. | exacerbētis | exacerbārētis | exacerbāverītis exacerbārītis | exacerbāvissētis exacerbāssētis |
| 3rd pl. | exacerbent | exacerbārent | exacerbāverint exacerbārint | exacerbāvissent exacerbāssent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | exacerbor | exacerbābar | exacerbābor |
| 2nd sg. | exacerbāris exacerbāre | exacerbābāris exacerbābāre | exacerbāberis exacerbābere |
| 3rd sg. | exacerbātur | exacerbābātur | exacerbābitur |
| 1st pl. | exacerbāmur | exacerbābāmur | exacerbābimur |
| 2nd pl. | exacerbāminī | exacerbābāminī | exacerbābiminī |
| 3rd pl. | exacerbantur | exacerbābantur | exacerbābuntur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | exacerber | exacerbārer |
| 2nd sg. | exacerbēris exacerbēre | exacerbārēris exacerbārēre |
| 3rd sg. | exacerbētur | exacerbārētur |
| 1st pl. | exacerbēmur | exacerbārēmur |
| 2nd pl. | exacerbēminī | exacerbārēminī |
| 3rd pl. | exacerbentur | exacerbārentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | exacerbā | exacerbāre |
| pres. 2nd pl. | exacerbāte | exacerbāminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | exacerbātō | exacerbātor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | exacerbātō | exacerbātor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | exacerbātōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | exacerbantō | exacerbantor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | exacerbāre | exacerbārī |
| perfect infinitive | exacerbāvisse exacerbāsse | exacerbātum esse |
| future infinitive | exacerbātūrum esse | exacerbātum īrī |
| present participle | exacerbāns | — |
| perfect participle | — | exacerbātus exacerbāta, exacerbātā, exacerbātae, exacerbātam, exacerbātārum, exacerbātās, exacerbātī, exacerbātōrum, exacerbātōs |
| future participle | exacerbātūrus exacerbātūra, exacerbātūrā, exacerbātūrae, exacerbātūram, exacerbātūrārum, exacerbātūrās, exacerbātūre, exacerbātūrī, exacerbātūrīs, exacerbātūrō, exacerbātūrōrum, exacerbātūrōs, exacerbātūrum | exacerbandus exacerbanda, exacerbandā, exacerbandae, exacerbandam, exacerbandārum, exacerbandās, exacerbande, exacerbandīs, exacerbandōrum, exacerbandōs |
gerundexacerbandī, exacerbandō, exacerbandumsupineexacerbātum, exacerbātū
ex-ăcerbo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. (not anteAug.).
I. To exasperate, irritate, provoke, make angry; to grieve, afflict:
ut recenti aliqua ira exacerbarentur animi, Liv. 2, 35 fin.; 46; 6, 18; 8, 33; Suet. Tib. 62; 75; Plin. Ep. 8, 5, 2; Vulg. Psa. 9, 24 al.—II. In jurid. Lat., to aggravate, increase a punishment:
supplicia, Dig. 48, 19, 16 fin.; cf.: crimen verbis impiis, Paul. Sent. 5, 29, 1; pass. impers.: crimine majestatis facto maxime exacerbatur in milites, ib. 48, 4, 7, § 4.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
ex-acerbō āvī, ātus, āre,
to exasperate, irritate, provoke: ut irā exacerbarentur animi, L.: contumeliis hostes, L.
Origins
- Proto-Indo-European*h₁éǵʰ
- Proto-Indo-European*h₁éǵʰs
- Proto-Italic*eks
- Latinexacerbō
Latin ex- Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- Proto-Indo-European *-rós Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱrós Proto-Italic *akris Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- Proto-Indo-European *-dʰh₁-os Proto-Italic *-iðos Proto-Italic *akriðos Latin acerbus Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu. Proto-Italic *-ājō Proto-Italic *-āō Latin -ō Latin acerbō Latin exacerbō From ex- + acerbō.
Descendants
- Catalanexacerbar
- Englishexacerbate
- Frenchexacerber
- Italianesacerbare
- Portugueseexacerbar
- Spanishexacerbar
- Galicianexacerbar
In English words that came into English from exacerbō
- exacerbateexacerbātus
- exacerbationexacerbātiōnem
- exacerbescenceexacerbescens