adjectivefirst/second-declension adjective
crūdus
crūdus (feminine crūda, neuter crūdum, comparative crūdior, superlative crūdissimus)
Classical[ˈkruː.dʊs]Ecclesiastical[ˈkruː.dus]
Meaning
- adjectiveraw, bloody, bleeding
- adjectiveimmature, unripe, premature
- adjectiveunprepared, raw, uncooked
- adjectivefigurativelycrude, cruel, rough
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
recēns, nōndum sānātumcrūdus -a -um (vulnus) — in Epistulae, ch. 11
Declension
| form | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | crūdus | crūda | crūdum |
| genitive | crūdī | crūdae | crūdī |
| dative | crūdō | crūdae | crūdō |
| accusative | crūdum | crūdam | crūdum |
| ablative | crūdō | crūdā | crūdō |
| vocative | crūde | crūda | crūdum |
| form | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | crūdī | crūdae | crūda |
| genitive | crūdōrum | crūdārum | crūdōrum |
| dative | crūdīs | crūdīs | crūdīs |
| accusative | crūdōs | crūdās | crūda |
| ablative | crūdīs | crūdīs | crūdīs |
| vocative | crūdī | crūdae | crūda |
crūdus, a, um, adj. root kru-, of Gr. κρύος; cf. cruor, crudelis,
I. bloody, bleeding, trickling with blood, etc.
II. Transf.
A. Of food, raw, not cooked: quid tu curas, utrum crudum an coctum edim? Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 15:
exta, Liv. 29, 27, 5: carnem mandere, Suet. Ner. 37.—So also of undigested food: pavo, Juv. 1, 143; cf. trop.: lectio non cruda sed multā iteratione mollita et velut confecta, Quint. 10, 1, 19; and, alvus, Cato, R. R. 125: qui crudum ructat, i. e. when undigested food rises in the stomach, Cels. 1, 2; v. ructo.— Transf., of persons suffering from indigestion, etc., Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 23; Quint. 11, 3, 27; Hor. S. 1, 5, 49; id. Ep. 1, 6, 61: crudior, Cic. Clu. 60, 168; cf. cruditas; so, bos, Hor. Epod. 8, 6 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, in a pun, Mart. 3, 13, 3 sq.—B. In gen., of all physical or moral crudeness, immaturity, roughness, etc.
1. Lit.
a. Unripe, immature, crude:
poma ex arboribus, cruda si sunt, vix evelluntur, si matura et cocta, decidunt, Cic. Sen. 19, 71: pruna (opp. maturissima), Col. 12, 10, 3: muria (opp. matura), id. 12, 6, 2 al.: palmes, Luc. 4, 317 (viridis, Schol.); of an abscess, not mature, Cels. 5, 28, 11: puella, Mart. 8, 64, 11; cf. Hor. C. 3, 11, 12: funera nepotis, premature, early, Stat. Th. 9, 391; cf. id. Achill. 1, 478: amor, yet young, fresh, id. Th. 2, 341; cf.: crudum adhuc servitium, Tac. A. 1, 8 fin.: adhuc studia, Petr. 4: crudi sine viribus anni, Sil. 12, 348: juventus, not yet armed, id. 3, 302; Claud. Cons. Hon. 3, 42.—(b). Opp. to age, and the weakness arising from age, fresh, vigorous:
jam senior, sed cruda deo viridisque senectus, Verg. A. 6, 304; imitated by Tac.: quibus cruda ac viridis senectus, Tac. Agr. 29: cf. meus, Sil. 5, 569.—b. Unprepared, immature, raw, crude:
crudum et immotum solum, Col. 2, 2, 25; cf. Plin. 18, 19, 49, § 179: pix, Col. 12, 20, 6: corium, Varr. L. L. 5, § 116 Müll.; for which, poet., taurus, Val. Fl. 4, 250; and, caestus, made of raw hide, undressed leather, Verg. A. 5, 69: rudis cortice crudo hasta, id. ib. 9, 743.—Of verses, unpolished, rude: junctura addita crudis (numeris), Pers. 1, 92 (cf.: si forte aliquid decoctius audis, id. 1, 125).—Of the voice, rough, hoarse: quia crudus fuerit, Cic. de Or. 1, 27, 125.—2. Trop.
a. Raw, not prepared or matured:
ut cibos mansos ac prope liquefactos demittimus, quo facilius digerantur, ita lectio non cruda, sed multā iteratione mollita et velut confecta memoriae tradatur, Quint. 10, 1, 19.—b. Rough, unfeeling, cruel, merciless (poet.).
(a). Of personal subjects:
dicat me Crudum virum esse, Plaut. Truc. 2, 8, 14; id. Poen. 5, 2, 148; Ov. M. 4, 240: Getae, id. Tr. 5, 3, 8: cena, crude Thyesta, tua, Mart. 4, 49, 4: crudus et leti artifex, Sen. Hippol. 1220.—More freq., (b). Of things as subjects:
bella, Ov. Am. 3, 8, 58: ensis, Verg. A. 10, 682; cf. Sil. 7, 113; Stat. Th. 10, 342: tyrannis, Juv. 8, 223: crudissimum pistrinum, most rude, uncultivated, Cassius ap. Suet. Aug. 4.—Adv. not in use.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
crūdus adj. with comp.
CRV-, bloody, bleeding, trickling with blood: volnera, O.: exta, L.— With full stomach, stuffed with food, dyspeptic: qui de conviviis auferantur crudi: pilā ludere inimicum crudis, H.: (homo) crudior: bos, H.—Unripe, immature, crude, raw: poma: equa marito, H.: servitium, too new, Ta.—Fresh, vigorous: senectus, V., Ta.—Unprepared, immature, raw, crude: caestus, of raw hide, V.: rudis cortice crudo hasta, V.: pavo, undigested, Iu.: quia crudus fuerit, hoarse.—Fig., rough, unfeeling, cruel, merciless: ille precantem defodit Crudus humo, O.: ensis, V.: tyrannis, Iu.
Origins
Disputed. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-. * It may be dissimilated from earlier *crūrus, from Proto-Italic *krūros, itself from *kruh₂rós, from *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”). Alternatively, Sihler suggests dissimilation from a pre-form *krowros. However, De Vaan argues that the required dissimilation is unusual and "cannot be accepted without further support." * Nussbaum has suggested that the term may derive from *krewh₂-idʰos. However, according to De Vaan, such a PIE form would be expected to develop into Proto-Italic *krowiðos, which could only produce crūdus via syncope. Thus, De Vaan doubts this etymology, arguing that syncope is unusual for adjectives in -idus. * De Vaan alternatively suggests a possible derivation from *krowoðos, from *krewh₂-odʰ-os. Cognate with English raw.
Descendants
- Catalancru
- Italiancrudo
- Occitancrus
- Frenchcrufrom Old French cru
- Portuguesecrufrom Old Galician-Portuguese cruu
- Spanishcrudofrom Old Spanish crudo
- Romaniancrud
- Sardiniancru
- Sardiniancrudu
- Sardiniancruo