§493. Participles

The Latin has no Perfect Participle in the active voice. The deficiency is supplied—

• In deponents by the perfect passive form with its regular active meaning:—

  • nam singulās [nāvīs] nostrīcōnsectātīexpūgnāvērunt (B. G. 3.15), for our men, having overtaken them one by one, captured them by boarding.

• In other verbs, either by the perfect passive participle in the ablative absolute (§ 420. N.) or by a temporal clause (especially with cum or postquam):—

  • itaqueconvocātīs centuriōnibusmīlitēs certiōrēs facit (B. G. 3.5), and so, having called the centurions together, he informs the soldiers (the centurions having been called together).
  • cum vēnisset animadvertit collem (id. 7.44), having come (when he had come), he noticed a hill.
  • postquam id animum advertit cōpiās suās Caesar in proximum collem subdūcit (B. G. 1.24), having observed this (after he had observed this) Cæsar led his troops to the nearest hill.

Uses of Participles