verbfirst conjugation
violō
violō (present infinitive violāre, perfect active violāvī, supine violātum)
Classical[ˈwi.ɔ.ɫoː]Ecclesiastical[ˈviː.o.lo]
Meaning
- to treat with violence; to maltreat
Honce loucom / nequs violatod / neque exvehito neque / exferto quod louci / siet neque cedito / nesei quo die res deina / anua fiat eod die / quod rei dinai causa / [f]iat sine dolo cedre / [l]icetod seiquis // violasit Iove bovid / piaclum datod / seiquis scies / violasit dolo malo / Iovei bovid piaclum / datod et a(sses) CCC / moltai suntod / eius piacli / moltaique dicator[e] / exactio est[od]
CIL 11.04766 - to violate, defile, profane, rape
post illud nec avēs cūnās violāsse feruntur
Nor after that were they suffering the birds to have violated cradles (A goddess intervenes after a baby is attacked by striges and her divine prayers impart lasting protection.)8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 6.167
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
laedō, polluōviolō -āre — in IVLIANVS I: Gallia, ch. 13
violate
violō -āre — in De Bello Gallico II and De Bello Gallico III
Choosing the right word Döderlein's Latin Synonyms
Lædere · Violare · Offendere
Lædere denotes a physical injury, as to hurt; violare, an injury to a person’s rights, as to offer violence; offendere (from πένθος) an injury to a person’s feelings, as to affront. Lædere refers to whatever object is capable of receiving injury; violare, to one that has a just claim to protection; offendere, to a rational and feeling being. Cic. Off. i. 28, 99. Justitiæ partes sunt non violare homines, verecundiæ non offendere. Fin. iii. 11. Sen. Ir. iii. 18. Pleraque eorum propter quæ irascimur offendunt nos magis quam lædunt. Const. 4. Contumelia tantum delicatis gravis est, qua non læduntur, sed offenduntur. Ovid, Am. iii. 3, 31. Formosa superi metuunt offendere læsi. (iii. 138.)
Conjugation conjugation 1
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | violō | violābam | violābō | violāvī | violāveram violāram | violāverō violārō |
| 2nd sg. | violās | violābās | violābis | violāvistī violāstī | violāverās violārās | violāveris violāris |
| 3rd sg. | violat | violābat | violābit | violāvit violāt | violāverat violārat | violāverit violārit |
| 1st pl. | violāmus | violābāmus | violābimus | violāvimus violāmus | violāverāmus violārāmus | violāverimus violārimus |
| 2nd pl. | violātis | violābātis | violābitis | violāvistis violāstis | violāverātis violārātis | violāveritis violāritis |
| 3rd pl. | violant | violābant | violābunt | violāvērunt violārunt, violāvēre | violāverant violārant | violāverint violārint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | violem | violārem | violāverim violārim | violāvissem violāssem |
| 2nd sg. | violēs | violārēs | violāverīs violārīs | violāvissēs violāssēs |
| 3rd sg. | violet | violāret | violāverit violārit | violāvisset violāsset |
| 1st pl. | violēmus | violārēmus | violāverīmus violārīmus | violāvissēmus violāssēmus |
| 2nd pl. | violētis | violārētis | violāverītis violārītis | violāvissētis violāssētis |
| 3rd pl. | violent | violārent | violāverint violārint | violāvissent violāssent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | violor | violābar | violābor |
| 2nd sg. | violāris violāre | violābāris violābāre | violāberis violābere |
| 3rd sg. | violātur | violābātur | violābitur |
| 1st pl. | violāmur | violābāmur | violābimur |
| 2nd pl. | violāminī | violābāminī | violābiminī |
| 3rd pl. | violantur | violābantur | violābuntur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | violer | violārer |
| 2nd sg. | violēris violēre | violārēris violārēre |
| 3rd sg. | violētur | violārētur |
| 1st pl. | violēmur | violārēmur |
| 2nd pl. | violēminī | violārēminī |
| 3rd pl. | violentur | violārentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | violā | violāre |
| pres. 2nd pl. | violāte | violāminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | violātō | violātor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | violātō | violātor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | violātōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | violantō | violantor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | violāre | violārī |
| perfect infinitive | violāvisse violāsse | violātum esse |
| future infinitive | violātūrum esse | violātum īrī |
| present participle | violāns | — |
| perfect participle | — | violātus violāta, violātā, violātae, violātam, violātārum, violātās, violātī, violātōrum, violātōs |
| future participle | violātūrus violātūra, violātūrā, violātūrae, violātūram, violātūrārum, violātūrās, violātūre, violātūrī, violātūrīs, violātūrō, violātūrōrum, violātūrōs, violātūrum | violandus violanda, violandā, violandae, violandam, violandārum, violandās, violande, violandīs, violandōrum, violandōs |
gerundviolandī, violandō, violandumsupineviolātum, violātū
Phrases from Meissner's Latin Phrase-Book
- indutias violare
- to break a truce.
- iusiurandum violare
- to break one's oath.
- ius gentium violare
- to violate the law of nations.
- sacra polluere et violare
- to profane sacred rites.
- fidem laedere, violare, frangere
- to break one's word.
- foedus frangere, rumpere, violare
- to violate a treaty, terms of alliance.
- violatas caerimonias inexpiabili religione sancire (Tusc. 1. 12. 27)
- to invoke an irrevocable curse on the profanation of sacred rites.
vĭŏlo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. vis,
I. to treat with violence (corporeally, and, more freq., mentally), to injure, dishonor, outrage, violate (cf.: laedo, polluo, contamino).
I. Lit. with persons as objects:
hospites violare fas non putant, to injure, do violence to, Caes. B. G. 6, 23 fin.: aliquem, id. B. C. 3, 98: patriam prodere, parentes violare, Cic. Fin. 3, 9, 32.—Esp.: virginem, Auct. ap. Varr. L. L. 6, § 80 Müll.; Tib. 1, 6, 51; cf. Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 1 fin.: sacrum vulnere corpus, Verg. A. 11, 591; cf.: Getico peream violatus ab arcu, Ov. P. 3, 5, 45.—II. Transf.
A. With places as objects, to invade, violate, profane:
fines eorum se violaturum negavit, Caes. B. G. 6, 32: loca religiosa et lucos, Cic. Rab. Perd. 2, 7: Iliacos agros ferro, Verg. A. 11, 255: Cereale nemus securi, Ov. M. 8, 741: silva vetus nullāque diu violata securi, id. F. 4, 649.—B. With the senses as objects, to outrage, shock:
oculos nostros (tua epistola), Ov. H. 17, 1; cf.: aures meas obsceno sermone, Petr. 85.—C. With abstract objects, to violate, outrage, break, injure, etc.:
officium, Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 109: jus, id. Leg. 2, 9, 22: religionem, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 72, § 186: virginitatem alicujus, id. N. D. 3, 23, 59: vitam patris, id. Par. 3, 25: inducias per scelus, to break, Caes. B. C. 2, 15: foedera, Liv. 28, 44, 7; Tib. 1, 9, 2: amicitiam, Cic. Phil. 2, 1, 3: existimationem absentis, id. Quint. 23, 73; cf.: nominis nostri famam tuis probris, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 32, § 82: dignitatem alicujus in aliquā re, id. Fam. 1, 6, 2; cf.: injuriae sunt, quae aut pulsatione corpus aut convicio aures aut aliquā turpitudine vitam cujuspiam violant, Auct. Her. 4, 25, 35.—III. Trop. (rare and poet.):
Indum sanguineo ostro ebur, i. e. to dye of a blood-red, Verg. A. 12, 67 (an imitation of the Homeric ἐλέφαντα φοίνικι μιήνη, Il. 4, 141).Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
violō āvī, ātus, āre
cf. vis, to treat with violence, injure, dishonor, outrage, violate: hospitem, Cs.: matres familias: sacrum volnere corpus, V.: Getico peream violatus ab arcu, O.: oculos tua cum violarit epistula nostros, i. e. has shocked, O.: Indum sanguineo ostro ebur, i. e. to dye blood-red, V.—Of a place, to invade, violate, profane: finīs eorum se violaturum negavit, Cs.: loca religiosa ac lucos: Silva nullā violata securi, O.—Fig., to violate, outrage, dishonor, break, injure: officium: ius: inducias per scelus, Cs.: foedera, L.: nominis nostri famam tuis probris.—To perform an act of sacrilege, do outrageously, perpetrate, act unjustly: ceteris officiis id, quod violatum videbitur, compensandum: si quae inciderunt non tam re quam suspicione violata, i. e. injurious.
Origins
Traditionally derived from vīs (“strength”), as if from some diminutive *viola. De Vaan prefers to derive the word instead from a deverbal adjective, which he reconstructs as Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-elos. Either way, from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, strive after”).
Descendants
- Catalanviolar
- Englishviolate
- Frenchvioler
- Italianviolare
- Portugueseviolar
- Romanianviola
- Spanishviolar
- Galicianviolar
- Piedmonteseviolé
- Sicilianviulari