“with” in Latin

In connection, in common, (1) Of common action, cum: una cum. We also frequently find the simple ablative with an adjective, if the person acting with another is regarded as a means and instrument; e.g., to make a league with anyone, foedus facere (etc.) cum aliquo: to walk in the street with anyone, una cum aliquo ire in via: to march out with the troops, cum copiis egredi: to march out with all the troops, omnibus copiis egredi (this construction is common, especially after the verbs proficisci, venire, sequi, adesse): I do not know how it will be with me, nescio quid me futurum sit: it is all over with me, actum est de me! occidi! perii! to come to an end with anything, aliquid ponere in fine. ☞ On expressing or omitting cum, Vid: Zumpt, § 472 - 474, with the notes. (2) Of friendly co-operation or intercourse, cum. A verb compounded with cum is followed either by another cum or by a dative; e.g., what have I to do with you? quid mihi tecum est rei? I stand in a connection, or in no connection, with anybody, aliquid or nihil mihi est cum aliquo: to agree with any person or thing, cum aliquo, cum aliqua re, or simply alicui rei consentire; congruere alicui rei or cum aliqua re: to be connected with anyone, jungi, conjungi alicui or cum aliquo (the participles of which verbs, junctus and conjunctus, are followed, in Cic., also by a simple ablative). If two things are combined by idem (one, one and the same), the following “with” is expressed by qui or a conjunction, rarely by cum with an ablative (☞ the simple dative is a Grecism, and usual only in the poets); e.g., at one time the Academics were one with the Peripatetics, Academici et Peripatetici quondam iidem erant. (3) Of union and joint participation, (a) in leagues, etc., cum. To have an alliance with anyone, societatem habere cum aliquo: to co-operate with anyone, facere cum aliquo; stare cum aliquo or ab aliquo (cum denotes mutual operation, but a represents one party as active, the other as quiescent): to carry on war with one party against another, cum aliquo bellum gerere adversus aliquem: (b) = by means of, (α) a person, per with an accusative; alicujus opera; alicujus opere, auxilio (with the help of); aliquo auctore (after the example of anyone; e.g., I have adopted this reading with Ruhnken, *hanc lectionem auctore Ruhnkenio recepi, where cum Ruhnkenio would not be Latin). If the person be regarded as a means and instrument in the hand of the subject, then we may use also the simple ablative; e.g., Caes., with the legion which he had with him, raised the wall to the height of, etc., Caes. ea legione, quam secum habebat, murum perduxit in altitudinem, etc. To say with anyone, i. e., to employ the words of anyone, is expressed in Latin by alicujus verbis uti (☞ not, as in modern Latin, by cum aliquo loqui) e.g., to say with Horace, ut Horatii verbis utar (Vid: Quint., 6, 3, 23), or simply auctore Horatio (Vid: Cic., Or., 21, 69). (β) a thing, either by the simple ablative (if a real means or instrument is denoted), or by per with an accusative (if, rather, the external circumstances concurring with an action, the way and manner, are to be expressed); e.g., to push with the horn at anyone, cornu petere aliquem; with force, vi; per vim; with opportunity, per occasionem; occasione data; with reproach, per contumeliam. (4) Of hostile relations, cum: contra, adversus, with an accusative (against, especially where cum would occasion obscurity, since it denotes also = “in league with,” etc.); e.g., to fight with anyone, pugnare cum aliquo: to carry on war with anyone, bellum gerere cum aliquo, or contra (adversus) aliquem. After a substantive, such as “war,” “battle,” etc., the Latins express “with” also by cum in connection with a participle; e.g., the war with the Gauls, bellum cum Gallis gestum (☞ bellum cum Gallis alone would not be right), or by an adjective of the people, etc., with whom the war is carried on; e.g., the war with the Gauls, bellum Gallicum; or by the genitive of the person with whom the war is carried on; e.g., the war with the pirates, bellum praedonum: the war with Pyrrhus, Pyrrhi regis bellum.

In company, in attendance, (1) Of persons, cum. The legions which he had lost with Titurius, legiones, quas cum Titurio amiserat. But if “with” denotes only that an action has reference to several persons, the Latins usually employ only a connective particle (et, ac, atque); only poets and historians use cum for et (as in Greek, αὖ for καί); e.g., the women were killed with their children, mulieres atque infantes occisi sunt: the general, with some of the nobles, is taken, dux cum aliquot principibus capitur or (as always in the historians) capiuntur. (2) Of things, cum. The Latins frequently express this “with” (i. e., furnished, supplied, etc., with) by participles; e.g., indutus aliqua re (clothed with); portans aliquid (carrying); manu gerens aliquid (having in the hand); addita or admixta aliqua re (with the additional admixture of): with a ladder, cum scalis; scalis instructus; scalas portans: with a club (in the hand), cum clava; clavam manu gerens: to give anyone water (mixed) with salt, dare alicui aquam cum sale, or dare alicui aquam addito or admixto sale.

Of contemporaniety, (a) With a person, cum; e.g., he was in Cilicia with me as military tribune, fuit in Cilicia mecum tribunus militum. (b) With a thing, cum; e.g., with these words he returned to Rome, cum his Romam rediit. Hence, also, of contemporaneous and immediate operations and consequences, cum; non sine; e.g., with pleasure (to hear, etc.), cum voluntate: with great danger, cum or non sine magno periculo: with great care, cum magna cura. In many cases, however, the Latins have proper adverbs for such expressions; e.g., with care, diligenter: with prudence, prudenter: with truth, vere: or they employ a participial construction: as, with the neglect of all things, omnibus rebus postpositis: with speed, adhibita celeritate.

According to, in consideration of, in consequence of, secundum (to denote agreement): e or ex (to denote causality): pro (to denote relation, and a standard by which anything is to be measured): in, with the ablative (suggesting the presence of a property or quality, in consequence of which something happens). With your dignity, you cannot act otherwise, pro dignitate tua non aliter agere poteris: with your great learning, you will not overlook this, in tanta tua doctrina hoc non praetermittes. But Latin writers use pro, etc., only in speaking of a definite measure or degree of any property or quality: when the idea is indefinite, they turn the expression by using a relative pronounor some other circumlocution; e.g., I hope that, with your prudence and moderation, you are well again, spero, quae tua prudentia et temperantia est, te jam valere: with your prudence nothing will escape you, qua es prudentia, te nihil effugiet: with his character, I by no means know whether he will change his mind, haud scio hercle, ut homo est, an mutet animum: with his madness, ut est dementia (Ter., Ad., 3, 3, 35).

Notwithstanding, in, with the ablative; e.g., with all the variety of their views, they all desired a king, in variis voluntatibus regem tamen omnes volebant: with great debts, they have also greater property, magno in aere alieno majores etiam possessiones habent. Or the idea is changed into a verbal proposition with licet or quamquam; e.g., with all his prudence, he was, however, deceived, licet prudentissimus esset, tamen deceptus est: with his great services to the state, he could not, however, attain the consulship, licet optime meritus esset de republicā, consulatum tamen consequi non poterat.

In company or together with (denoting concomitancy): cum: apud (for which we frequently find ad; Vid: Held., Caes., B.C., 3, 60: Herzog, Caes., B.G., 3, 9; Grotefend, § 126, Obs. 8; Zumpt, § 296): penes; often, also, by the simple genitive or dative. To dwell with anyone, habitare cum aliquo (together with one) or apud aliquem (in his house): to dine with anyone, cenare apud aliquem: to be brought up with any one, in alicujus domo educari: to have one always with him, aliquem sibi affixum habere: to be always with one, ab aliquo or ab alicujus latere non discedere: he was with me today, hodie ad me erat.

In the language, in the estimation or opinion of, apud: ad. With our ancestors, apud majores nostros: to be with all nations sacred and inviolable, ad omnes nationes sanctum esse: with Xenophon (in his works), apud Xenophontem (☞ not in Xenophonte): Segesta, which, with the Greeks, is Egesta, Segesta, quae Graecis Egesta est: with us this is considered a crime, id nostris moribus nefas habetur.

With reference to, apud. To avail much with anyone, multum valere, magna in gratia esse, apud aliquem.

In the hand or power of; e.g., with God nothing is impossible, per Deum omnia fieri possunt: it rests with me, penes me est. ☞ At the end of a clause, after an infinitive, with = with which; e.g., “a knife to cut with,” = “a knife with which one may cut.” You have persons to joke with, habes quibuscum jocari possis. He consults the Senate what they would wish to have done with those who, etc., refert quid de iis fieri placeat, qui, etc. (Liv.).