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“fallacy” in Latin

The English word fallacy itself goes back to Latin fallō, through fallācia.

Riddle & Arnold A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon, 1864

fallacy
Fallaciousness [Vid. DECEIT, DECEPTION].
Sophism, sophisma, -atis, neuter: conclusiuncula fallax: cavillatio: captio dialectica or sophistica (SYN. in SOPHISM). To detect a fallacy, sophisma diluere; captionem refellere or discutere.

Quick answer

What is the Latin word for fallacy?
The usual Latin words for “fallacy” are sophisma, cavillātiō, sophisticus; also discutiō. The right choice depends on the sense; see the distinctions below.

Entry from J. E. Riddle & T. K. Arnold, A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon (rev. C. Anthon, New York: Harper, 1864), digitised by Fergus J. P. Walsh, CC BY-SA 4.0; Latin markup adapted by latindictionary.co.