“cross” in Latin

The figure: crux (‡ or a St. Anthony’s cross ┬): decussis (in the shape of a St. Andrew’s cross, ☓): diesis (δίεσις, in music, with the ancients, answering to our crotchet, ♩): to divide in the shape of a ☓, decussare: in the shape of a cross, *in crucis formam redactus or factus; in crucis speciem: in decussem or in decusses; decussatim (in the shape of a St. Andrew’s cross ☓). A church built in the shape of a cross, *aedes sacra opere arcuato exstructa (opus arcuatum, Plin., Ep., 10, 47, [46]; Quintilian in a different but similar sense): *aedes in crucis formam exstructa.

As object made of some material, crux (the material of which it is made is to be expressed by an adjective; e.g., of gold, aurea): *crux or insigne honoris (cross of honour, after Nep. Thras., 4, 1): to decorate anybody with the cross of honour, *honoris crucem alicui dare.

For malefactors, crux: to erect a cross, crucem constituere or figere: at a place, crucem defigere in aliquo loco: to nail anybody to the cross, cruci aliquem affigere or suffigere; in cruce aliquem suffigere: aliquem in crucem agere or tollere (Cic. uses cruce afficere, Verr., 1, 14, 9; but only in connection with morte, cruciatu, cruce afficere): to die on the cross, in crucem agi: to hang upon a cross, pendere in cruce: to take anybody down from the cross, alicujus corpus refigere (Justinus, 9, 7, 11; also detrahere aliquem ex cruce: the death on the cross, crux (from the context would be sufficient): supplicium servile (none but slaves being executed in this way at Rome, Liv., 24, 14): to threaten anybody with the cross, crucem alicui minari or minitari (Cic., Tusc., 1, 43, in.): to punish anybody with the cross, supplicio servili animadvertere in aliquem: the banner of the cross, *vexillum, in quo crucis figura picta est: a soldier of the cross, *miles (if knight, eques) rei Christianae propugnator; *miles (or eques), qui Dei signa sequitur: to preach the cross (i. e., exhort men to undertake a crusade), hortari homines, ut rei Christianae causa arma capiant (after Caes., B.G., 7, 4): ☞ Cross is sometimes used for “the doctrine of Christ crucified;” *doctrina Christi or Christiana: sometimes for the “Christian body politic” (opposed to “the crescent”), res Christiana, etc.

By metonymy, The sign of the cross (made with the hand), *crucis figura: to make the sign of the cross, *digito crucis figuram imitari.

FIG., adversity or suffering, mala, plur., (evil of any kind): calamitas (misfortune that befalls us): miseria (misery): crux, in this signification, is poetical, and therefore not to be recommended. To take up the cross, or one’s cross, *Christo auctore mala et incommoda non subterfugere: to have many crosses, *multis malis vexari or conflictari: he that carries a cross, or a cross-bearer, *qui crucem fert (PROP.); aerumnosus et calamitosus (IMPROP., for sufferer).

On coins, signum: nota (see Liv., 44, 27, 8; Suet., Oct., 75; Aurel. Vict., Caes. 35, 6. Vid: also, COINAGE).

Transverse, transversus: transversarius (lying across): [☞ not obliquus, which denotes an oblique direction]. A cross line, linea transversa; versiculus transversus (written across another line): cross lines, lineae in decusses obliquae (thus ×): the cross piece of anything, pars transversa; (if of wood) lignum transversarium: cross furrows, sulcus transversus (☞ Col., 44, extr.; in arando est observandum, ut transversus mons sulcetur .... that on a hill cross furrows should be drawn with the plough): cross wall, *paries transversus. OBS. The words in which “cross” is joined by a hyphen to the folloiving substantive, as CROSS-BOW, are to be looked for in their alphabetical order.

Contrary; e.g., cross accident, incommodum: incommodus: adversus: [Vid: UNTOWARD.]

Angry, sullen: difficilis: natura difficilis: morosus. (The words are found in this connection and order.) difficilis et morosus (instead of which Gell., 18, 7, init., has, natura intractabilior et morosior): tristis: [SYN. in ILL-TEMPERED.] To make anybody cross, stomachum alicui movere; aliquem irritare or exacerbare: to pretend to be cross, iratum simulare (after Sen., Herc., Oct., 429); with anybody, se simulare alicui iratum or (stronger) alicui inimicum (after Nep., Dion, 8, 2): a cross wife, mulier or uxor saeva, incommoda et importuna (comic writers): a cross humour or character, natura difficilis: morositas: asperitas (the latter, as far as it displays itself against inferiors, Sall., Nep.; Att., 5, init.): to be in a cross humour, male affectum esse: to be cross (habitually), difficilem ac morosum esse: difficili esse natura: to be very cross, difficillima esse natura: to be cross with anybody, alicui irasci, succensere: with or about anything, graviter or moleste ferre aliquid.

TR., to lay crosswise, decussare (in the shape of ×): cancellare (like lattice-work, Col., Plin.): to cross each other (of lines), decussari. Two roads cross each other, *via altera huc fert, altera iltuc: lines that cross each other, lineae in decusses obliquae: to cross one’s legs, poplites alternis genibus imponere (so that one knee rests upon the other, Plin., 28, 6, 17).

FIG., To cross the breed (for the purpose of improving it); e.g., viginti milia nobilium equarum ad genus faciendum in Macedoniam missa, twenty thousand full-bred mares were sent into Macedonia for the purpose of crossing the breed.

To go across, (per) locum transire, pervadere, penetrare (penetrare = penetrate), per locum iter facere: transgredi: trajicere: transmittere (all three of a mountain or a river): transcendere: superare (by ascending): supervadere (to pass beyond): transmigrare (to cross to any place for the purpose of settling): transvehi: vehi per locum (to cross in a carriage, in a ship): an army that is crossing or in the act of crossing, exercitus transmeans: to cross on foot, pedibus obire (e.g., regionem): percurrere (to cross a country hastily): per locum penetrare (with fatigue and exertion): agere, agitare per locum (at full speed): to cross the forum (= walk across it), transverso foro ambulare: to cross (a letter, etc.) transversa charta scribere: easy to cross, pervius: penetrabilis: apertus; opposed to impervius, impenetrabilis: to let anybody cross (through a country), transitum dare alicui or iter per agros urbesque: aliquem per fines suos ire pati (speaking of an army or a general); dare alicui viam (a single person; e.g., one’s premises or estate, per fundum): to refuse to let anybody cross, aliquem ab transitu prohibere or arcere: he must cross, transeat necesse est: to cross a river on horseback, equum (per flumen) transmittere: to cross a sea, a river, pernavigare: enavigare (e.g., the bay in twelve days and nights, sinum duodecim dierum et noctium remigio, Plin., 9, 3, 2): to cross a river by a bridge, transmittere amnem ponte: to cross by swimming, tranare, or transnare, or transnatare: from the context also transmittere only: to cross (of birds), transvolare (general term); also transmittere (the sea, mare; e.g., of cranes, etc.): to cross the sea to Italy, in Italiam trans mare advolare (of birds of passage); [☞ transmeare fretum belongs to later Latinity.] : to cross back again (over the sea) from Italy, ex Italia trans mare revolare (also of birds of passage): to cross with the rapidity of a bird, transgredi pennis sublime elatum, (Liv. 21, 30: legatos non pennis sublime elatos Alpes transgressos, i. e., the ambassadors had not crossed the Alps by flight, or on the wings of a bird): to prepare or take the necessary measures for crossing, *transitum parare; *transire conari (to venture the passage): to cross the Alps, Alpes transcendere, or transire, or superare: to cross a river, fiumen transire, or transjicere, or transmittere: to make the troops cross a river, copias flumen or trans flumen trajicere.

Of inanimate objects, secare or aliquid medium secare (e.g., a field, agrum: of streams, hedges, roads, etc.): fluere per aliquid (of a stream: ☞ not perfluere): a white streak crosses the centre of a jewel, gemma per transversum linea alba media praecingitur (Plin.).

To thwart, obsistere: repugnare: obniti: reniti: adversari aliquem, not alicui. (The words are found in this connection and order.) adversari et repugnare: obstare or officere alicui, and alicui rei alicujus (with this difference, that obstare means merely to be in anybody’s way, officere to be opposed to him in a hostile manner; e.g., to cross anybody’s plans, alicujus consiliis obstare or officere, observing, however, the difference of meaning just alluded to): retardare aliquem, in anything, ad aliquid faciendum or ab aliqua re facienda, in aliqua re (to cross anybody hi anything, or in the execution of anything; e.g., in his privileges, in suo jure): to cross anybody’s designs, alicujus consilia pervertere: to see one’s hope crossed, spes ad irritum cadit or redigitur: to cross all anybody’s plans, conturbare alicui omnes rationes: if accidents and engagements had not crossed his projects, nisi aliqui casus aut occupatio ejus consilium premisset: to cross anybody in everything, omnia adversus aliquem facere: to cross one another’s designs, obtrectare inter se (of two rivals): to cross one’s own interest, repugnare utilitati suae.

FIG., to cross anybody’s mind; e.g., it crosses or is crossing my mind, or the thought crosses my mind, ad cogitationem deducor: subit cogitatio animum: succurrit mihi res: venit mini in mentem or in opinionem (Vid: Bremi Nep., Milt., 7, 3); adducor in suspicionem (I am led to the supposition; venit mihi in suspicionem is unusual; Vid: Bremi, etc.).

To cross out, or over (of a writing); cancellare (PROP., to make in the shape of lattice-work; then to cross over in that shape, thus ×; to cancel, late, Dig.): delere: exstinguere (general terms for blotting out or over): inducere (to oblitterate anything on the wax, or to smear over by using the other end of the stilus): eradere (to erase, scratch out): to cross out a name in a book, nomen tollere ex libro: to cross anybody’s name out in the lists, alicujus nomen eximere de tabulis: to cross out in the lists of senators, eradere aliquem albo senatorio (Tac., Ann., 4, 42, fin.): to cross out a line, versui atrum signum traverso calamo allinere (poetical).

To cross one’s self; *digito crucis figuram imitari: *aliquid crucis figuram imitando abominari: *crucis signo amoliri aliquid (if done to avert an evil).