verbsecond conjugation, no supine stem
urgeō
urgeō (present infinitive urgēre, perfect active ursī)
Classical[ˈʊr.ɡe.oː]Ecclesiastical[ˈur.d͡ʒe.o]
Meaning
- to press, push, force, drive, urge (forward); to stimulate
Mārsque citōs iūnctīs curribus urget equōs
and Mars, with chariots harnessed, drives swift horses (Translations of Ovid's Fasti, by H.T. Riley, James G. Frazer, and Anne and Peter Wiseman, all give Mars one harnessed or yoked chariot in the singular; however, ‘‘iunctis curribus’’ is plural. The plural seems appropriate if the poet’s meaning is understood to be that of Mars menacing with an army of charioteers. Ovid’s verse is an imaginative segue as he closes his book on February and introduces the month of March, named in honor of the war god.)8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 2.858 - to weigh down, burden, oppress
- to crowd, hem in, confine
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
Conjugation conjugation 2 no-supine
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | urgeō | urgēbam | urgēbō | ursī | urseram | urserō |
| 2nd sg. | urgēs | urgēbās | urgēbis | ursistī | urserās | urseris |
| 3rd sg. | urget | urgēbat | urgēbit | ursit | urserat | urserit |
| 1st pl. | urgēmus | urgēbāmus | urgēbimus | ursimus | urserāmus | urserimus |
| 2nd pl. | urgētis | urgēbātis | urgēbitis | ursistis | urserātis | urseritis |
| 3rd pl. | urgent | urgēbant | urgēbunt | ursērunt ursēre | urserant | urserint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | urgeam | urgērem | urserim | ursissem |
| 2nd sg. | urgeās | urgērēs | urserīs | ursissēs |
| 3rd sg. | urgeat | urgēret | urserit | ursisset |
| 1st pl. | urgeāmus | urgērēmus | urserīmus | ursissēmus |
| 2nd pl. | urgeātis | urgērētis | urserītis | ursissētis |
| 3rd pl. | urgeant | urgērent | urserint | ursissent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | urgeor | urgēbar | urgēbor |
| 2nd sg. | urgēris urgēre | urgēbāris urgēbāre | urgēberis urgēbere |
| 3rd sg. | urgētur | urgēbātur | urgēbitur |
| 1st pl. | urgēmur | urgēbāmur | urgēbimur |
| 2nd pl. | urgēminī | urgēbāminī | urgēbiminī |
| 3rd pl. | urgentur | urgēbantur | urgēbuntur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | urgear | urgērer |
| 2nd sg. | urgeāris urgeāre | urgērēris urgērēre |
| 3rd sg. | urgeātur | urgērētur |
| 1st pl. | urgeāmur | urgērēmur |
| 2nd pl. | urgeāminī | urgērēminī |
| 3rd pl. | urgeantur | urgērentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | urgē | urgēre |
| pres. 2nd pl. | urgēte | urgēminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | urgētō | urgētor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | urgētō | urgētor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | urgētōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | urgentō | urgentor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | urgēre | urgērī |
| perfect infinitive | ursisse | — |
| present participle | urgēns | — |
| future participle | — | urgendus urgenda, urgendā, urgendae, urgendam, urgendārum, urgendās, urgende, urgendīs, urgendōrum, urgendōs |
gerundurgendī, urgendō, urgendum
Phrases from Meissner's Latin Phrase-Book
- malis urgeri
- to be hard pressed by misfortune.
- undique premi, urgeri (B. G. 2. 26)
- to be pressed on all sides.
urgeo (less correctly urgueo), ursi (
I. perf. rare; past part. not found), 2, v. a. Gr. ϝεργ-, εἵργνυμι, to shut in; Sanscr. varg-, vargami, prevent; Germ. Merk; Engl. work, to press, push, force, drive, impel, urge.
I. Lit. (mostly poet.;
syn.: pello, trudo): unda impellitur undā Urgeturque eadem veniens urgetque priorem, Ov. M. 15, 182: urgeris turbā circum te stante, Hor. S. 1, 3, 135: angustoque vagos pisces urgere catino, id. ib. 2, 4, 77: trepidique pedem pede fervidus urget, Verg. A. 12, 748; cf. Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21: aut petis aut urges ruiturum, Sisyphe, saxum, i. e. roll up, Ov. M. 4, 460: versaque in obnixos urguentur cornua vasto Cum gemitu, Verg. G. 3, 222: tres (naves) Eurus ab alto In brevia et Syrtes urget, id. A. 1, 111: miserum tenues in jecur urget acus, Ov. H. 6, 92: equites in oppidum, Auct. B. Afr. 6, 3: (Mars) aetherias currus urgebat ad arces, Stat. Th. 3, 222.—B. Transf.
1. To press upon (as something burdensome or compulsory).
a. To bear hard or close upon; press hard, beset (class.):
Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae juxta constiterat, urgeri ab hoste vidisset, Caes. B. G. 2, 26; 2, 25; Sall. J. 56, 6; cf.: hinc Pallas instat et urget Hinc contra Lausus, Verg. A. 10, 433: urgent impavidi te Salaminius Teucer, te Sthenelus, Hor. C. 1, 15, 23: hac urget lupus, hac canis angit, id. S. 2, 2, 64. —b. To weigh or bear down, to burden, oppress:
at onus urget, Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 35; cf.: onus aut jam urgentis aut certe adventantis senectutis, Cic. Sen. 1, 2: quod latus mundi nebulae malusque Juppiter urget, Hor. C. 1, 22, 20: quem scabies aut morbus urget, id. A. P. 453; cf.: ergo Quintilium perpetuus sopor Urget, id. C. 1, 24, 5: omnes illacrimabiles Urgentur ignotique longa Nocte, id. ib. 4, 9, 27: populus militiā atque inopiā urguebatur, Sall. J. 41, 7: praesens atque urgens malum, Cic. Tusc. 3, 25, 61.—c. To urge, press, stimulate, drive, solicit (syn. insto):
quod te urget, scelus, Qui huic sis molestus? Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 47: etiam atque etiam insto atque urgeo, Cic. Planc. 19, 48: quamobrem, ut facis, urge, insta, perfice, id. Att. 13, 32, 1: Lepidus ursit me et suis et Antonii litteris, ut, etc., Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 4: nihil urget, is pressing, Cic. Att. 13, 27, 2: cur patrem non urserit ad exsolutionem, Dig. 23, 3, 33.—2. To press, strain, exert in excess, etc.:
vox autem ultra vires urgenda non est, Quint. 11, 3, 51; cf. orationem, id. 11, 3, 102.—3. To press upon (by too great nearness), to crowd, hem in, confine:
ne urbem hanc urbe aliā premere atque urgere possitis, Cic. Agr. 1, 5, 16: vallis, quam densis frondibus atrum Urget utrimque latus, Verg. A. 11, 524; 7, 566: quāque pharetratae vicinia Persidis urget, id. G. 4, 290.—II. Trop.
A. To press, ply, urge with argument (a favorite expression of Cic.):
urgerent praeterea philosophorum greges ... instaret Academia, Cic. de Or. 1, 10, 42: illum neque ursi, neque levavi, id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 1: sed urges me meis versibus, id. Div. 2, 20, 45: urguebat Arcesilas Zenonem, cum ipse falsa omnia diceret, etc., id. N. D. 1, 25, 70.—With acc. and inf.: sed urguetis identidem hominum esse istam culpam non deorum, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76: illud urgeam, non intellegere eum, quid, etc., id. Fin. 5, 27, 80.—Absol.: ut interrogando urgeat, Cic. Or. 40, 137: urgent tamen et nihil remittunt, id. Fin. 4, 28, 77; id. Off. 3, 9, 39; id. Lig. 3, 9 (also ap. Quint. 9, 2, 57).—B. To follow up, keep to, stick to, ply hard, push forward, urge on any thing:
eundem locum diutius, Cic. N. D. 1, 35, 97: quin tu urges istam occasionem et facultatem, id. Fam. 7, 8, 2: jus, aequitatem, id. Off. 3, 16, 67: idem illud de provinciis, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 5, 3: propositum, Hor. S. 2, 7, 6: et durum terrae rusticus urget opus, Tib. 1, 9, 8; Ov. M. 4, 390; cf.: non tacta ligonibus arva, Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 26: vestem, Verg. A. 9, 489: iter, Ov. F. 6, 520: vestigia ad manes, Sil. 12, 419: Romae cum sum et urgeo forum, am often in the Forum, Cic. Fam. 9, 15, 4; cf. altum, to force or plunge into, Hor. C. 2, 10, 2.— Urgeri, with gen., to be hard pressed, prosecuted for any thing: male administratae provinciae aliorumque criminum, Tac. A. 6, 29.—Poet., with inf.: marisque Baiis obstrepentis urges Summovere litora, Hor. C. 2, 18, 20.—Hence, urgens, entis, P. a. (acc. to I.B.1.), pressing, cogent, urgent (postclass. and very rare): urgentior causa, Tert. Res. Carn. 2 med.: urgentissima ratio, Cod. Just. 3, 11, 1.—Adv.: urgenter, pressingly (late Lat.), Cypr. Ep. 30, 1.Origins
Disputed. * According to De Vaan, perhaps from Proto-Italic *worɣeō, from Proto-Indo-European *w(o)rǵʰ-éye-ti, from *werǵʰ- (“bind, squeeze”) (compare German würgen (“to strangle”), Lithuanian ver̃žti (“to string, tighten, constrict”), Russian отверга́ть (otvergátʹ, “to reject”), Polish otwierać (“to open”), English worry, wring. * Lucien van Beek argues that the proposed Germanic and Balto-Slavic cognates all can refer to the tying of ropes, a semantic sense that is absent from the Latin term. Thus, van Beek doubts a connection with *werǵʰ- (“bind, squeeze”). Instead, van Beek compares the term to Ancient Greek εἴργω (eírgō) and suggests that the term may derive from the zero-grade of the root *h₁wreǵ-. * According to Rix et al. (LIV), from a zero-grade present *urg-éye-ti, itself from the root Proto-Indo-European *wreg- (“track, hunt, follow”) and cognate with English wreck, wreak. However, De Vaan argues that such a development requires a "far-fetched" semantic shift. The linguist Nicholas Zair suggests that a causative formed the same root, with the meaning of "to cause to follow a trail," may have more reasonably evolved to mean "to drive, push." Regardless, Zair doubts this etymology, as causatives or iteratives in Proto-Indo-European typically required the o-grade, instead of the zero-grade predicted by Rix. Zair, however, concedes that an o-grade causative *wrog-éye-ti may have produced urgeō via metathesis, a development perhaps also seen in sorbeō, itself from Proto-Indo-European *srobʰéyeti.
Descendants
- Catalanurgir
- Englishurge
- Frenchurger
- Germanurgieren
- Italianurgere
- Portugueseurgir
- Spanishurgir
- Galicianurxir