noun · masculinethird declension
sōl1
sōl m (genitive sōlis)
Classical[ˈsoːɫ]Ecclesiastical[ˈsɔl]
№ 320 of the 1,000 commonest wordsMille Verba core vocabulary
Meaning
- capitalizedoftenthe Sun
- a sun
- gold
- figurativelyin pluraldays, period of one's life
Soles occidere et redire possunt / nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux / nox est perpetua una dormienda
Suns can set and rise again / but once this brief light ends / there is endless night for us to sleep.c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 5.4–6Fulsere quondam candidi tibi soles / cum ventitabas quo puella ducebat / amata nobis quantum amabitur nulla.
Once shined for you beautiful suns / when you went where the girl led you / loved by us like no other [girl].c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 8.3–5 - See Sōl.
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
quī diē lūcet et calōrem dat; māne oritur, vesperī cadit.sōl sōlis m — in Mille Verba, Caelum et Tempestātēs
lūx diēī in caelōsōl, sōlis (m) — in Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, ch. 3
sun
sōl, sōlis — in Viri Romae Facillimi, ch. 9, 11
Declension
| form | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | sōl | sōlēs |
| genitive | sōlis ☉is, ☉lis | sōlum |
| dative | sōlī ☉ī, ☉lī | sōlibus |
| accusative | sōlem ☉em, ☉lem | sōlēs |
| ablative | sōle ☉e, ☉le | sōlibus |
| vocative | sōl | sōlēs |
Phrases from Meissner's Latin Phrase-Book
- sol ardet, urit
- the sun burns, scorches.
- sol oritur, occidit
- the sun rises, sets.
- sol(luna) deficit, obscuratur
- the sun, moon, is eclipsed.
- spectare in (vergere ad) orientem (solem), occidentem (solem), ad meridiem, in septentriones
- to lie to the east, west, south, north.
sōl, sōlis, m. Sanscr. svar, shine; cf. Gr. Σείριος, σείρ, σέλας, Ἑλένη; and Lat. serenus.
I. Sing., the sun, as a heavenly body.
A. In gen.:
tempora duorum generum sunt, unum annale, quod sol circuitu suo finit, Varr. R. R. 1, 27: solis cursus lunaeque meatus, Lucr. 5, 77: annum ad cursum solis accommodavit, Suet. Caes. 40: liquidi fons luminis aetherius sol, Lucr. 5, 282: quid potest esse sole majus? Cic. Ac. 2, 26, 82: illud dubium esse nulli potest quin arcus imago solis sit, Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 11.—B. Esp.
1. Sol oriens or solis ortus, the east, as a quarter of the heavens:
spectant in septemtrionem et orientem solem, Caes. B. G. 1, 1; 5, 13; 7, 69; cf.: a sole exoriente supra Maeotis paludes, Cic. poët. Tusc. 5, 17, 49: si illud signum solis ortum conspiceret, id. Cat. 3, 8, 20: facem stellae ab ortu solis ad occidentem porrigi visam, Liv. 29, 14, 3: ab ortu solis flare venti, id. 25, 27, 6.—2. Sol occidens or solis occasus, the west:
alterum (litus) vergit ad solem occidentem, Caes. B. G. 5, 13: laborant ut spectent sua triclinaria ad solem occidentem, Varr. R. R. 1, 13 fin.: spectat inter occasum solis et septemtriones, north-west, Caes. B. G. 1, 1: quae (pars insulae) est propius solis occasum, id. ib. 4, 28.—Cf. poet.: sub sole cadente, Manil. 4, 791.—In phrases, sol is often omitted by ellipsis: unde sol oritur oriens nuncupatur aut ortus; quo demergitur occidens vel occasus, Mel. 1, 1 init.; v. orior, ortus, occĭdo.—3. Sol oriens or sol (solis) ortus=sunrise; sol occidens or solis (sol) occasus = sunset:
qui solem nec occidentem umquam viderint, nec orientem, Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 23: sole orto Gracchus copias educit, Liv. 24, 15, 1: prius orto Sole, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 113: certi solis lunaeque et ortus et occasus sunt, Liv. 44, 37, 7: numquam ab orto sole ad occidentem ... a curiā abscessit, id. 27, 50, 4: ut, equis insidentes, solis ortu cursum in quemdam locum dirigerent, Val. Max. 7, 3, 2 ext.: solis occasu, Caes. B. G. 1, 50; Liv. 24, 17, 7: ad (sub) solis occasum, towards sunset, Caes. B. G. 5, 8; 2, 11: in occasum declivi sole, Plin. 8, 50, 76, § 203.—Poet.: surgente a sole, Hor. S. 1, 4, 29.—For sol occasus, v. occidere, and Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 87 (ante solem occasum); id. ib. 5, 7, 35 (ad solem occasum); cf.: ab exortu ad occasum perstare contuentis solem, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 22.—4. To designate a clime, country, etc., as eastern or southern (post-Aug.):
ille Liberi currus triumphantem usque ad Thebas a solis ortu vehat, Sen. Vit. Beat. 25, 4: terminos civitatis nostrae cum sole metimur, id. Ot. Sap. 4 (31), 1. it tamen ultra oceanum solemque, id. Ep. 94, 63: sub alio sole, in another clime, Manil. 4, 171; cf.: ut sua orientis occidentisque terminis finiat (sc. solis), Sen. Ep. 92, 32.—5. Trop., of a great good or a great man:
sol excidisse mihi e mundo videtur, Cic. Att. 9, 10, 3: solem e mundo tollere videntur qui, etc., id. Lael. 13, 47: P. Africanus, sol alter (with sole geminato), id. N. D. 2, 5, 14; cf. Hor. S. 1, 7, 24: neque mundum posse duobus solibus regi, neque orbem, etc., Just. 11, 12.—6. Prov.:
et sceleratis sol oritur, Sen. Ben. 4, 26, 1; cf.: qui solem suum oriri facit super bonos et malos, Vulg. Matt. 5, 45: nondum omnium dierum sol occidit (Germ. Es ist noch nicht aller Tage Abend) = there are more days yet to come, sc. when the tables may be turned, Liv. 39, 26, 9.—C. The poets reckon time in many ways by the movement, etc., of the sun:
bis me sol adiit gelidae post frigora brumae, two years, Ov. Tr. 4, 7, 1: donec sol annuus omnes conficeret metas, within a year, Stat. Achill. 1, 455; cf. Nemes. Cyn. 122: octavo lumine solis, on the eighth day, Lucr. 6, 1195: sol septimus, Juv. 15, 44: cum sol Herculei terga leonis adit, in midsummer, Ov. A. A. 1, 68: O sol Pulcher, O laudande (= dies; sc. Augusti reditus), Hor. C. 4, 2, 46; cf. id. S. 1, 9, 72: supremo sole, at noon, id. Ep. 1, 5, 3: sub medium solem, Manil. 4, 651; cf. id. 4, 593: sol abit, it is growing late, Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 32; cf.: a primo ad ultimum solem, all day long, Amm. 14, 6, 10.—D. Transf., the sun, sunlight, sunshine, heat of the sun:
ager soli ostentus, exposed to the sun, Cato, R. R. 6: sarmenta imponito quae frigus defendant et solem, id. ib. 48 (49): uvas ponite in sole biduum, id. ib. 112 (113): sol semper hic est a mani ad vesperum, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 80: quin exta inspicere in sole etiam vivo licet, id. Aul. 3, 6, 29: nec res posse in sole videri, ni, etc., Lucr. 5, 292: nunc quidem paululum a sole, out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92: cum in sole ambulem, id. de Or. 2, 14, 60: apricatio in illo Lucretino tuo sole, id. Att. 7, 11, 1; cf. id. ib. 12, 6, 1: iter in calescente sole factum erat, Liv. 44, 36 init.: torrente meridiano sole, id. 44, 38: ex vehementi sole, id. 28, 15, 11: urente assiduo sole, id. 44, 33 fin.: ut veniens dextrum latus aspiciat sol, light of the morning sun, Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 6: reformidant insuetum lumina solem, Ov. P. 3, 4, 49; cf.: nam et solem lumina aegra formidant, Sen. Vit. Beat. 20, 6: adversi solis ab ictu, sunstroke, Ov. M. 3, 183: altera (spelunca) solem non recipit, Sen. Ep. 55, 6: sole correptis, Plin. 29, 6, 38, § 119: pisces, quos sole torreant, id. 7, 2, 2, § 30: siccatur in sole, id. 19, 1, 3, § 16: in agmine (Caesar) anteibat capite detecto, seu sol seu imber esset, Suet. Caes. 57: patiens pulveris atque solis, Hor. C. 1, 8, 4.— And trop.: in solem ac pulverem procedere, or producere, into heat and dust, i. e. into practical life (opp. umbra eruditorum), Cic. Brut. 9, 37; id. Leg. 3, 6, 14.—In a similar sense: cedat stilus gladio, umbra soli, Cic. Mur. 14, 30.—Prov.: clarior quam solis radii, Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 2: sole ipso est clarius, Arn. 1, n. 47; cf. the class. luce clarius, and: cum id solis luce videatur clarius, Cic. Div. 1, 3, 6.II. Plur.
A. Suns, images of the sun (class.):
neque pauci neque leves sunt qui se duo soles vidisse dicant, Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15: Albae duos soles visos ferebant, Liv. 28, 11, 3: et rursus plures soles simul cernuntur, Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99: quid eas vocem? imagines solis? Historici soles vocant, et binos ternosque adparuisse memoriae tradunt, Sen. Q. N. 1, 11, 2.—B. Poet. = days (v. I. C.):
nec tamen illis solibus ulla comparebat avis, Lucr. 6, 1219: saepe ego longos Cantando puerum memini me condere soles, to spend the long summer days in singing, Verg. E. 9, 52: tres soles ... Erramus, id. A. 3, 203; cf. Sil. 3, 554: Bajani soles, the sunny days of Bajœ, Mart. 6, 43, 5: O soles! id. 10, 51, 6: soles fulsere quondam tibi candidi, Cat. 8, 3, 8: soles occidere et redire possunt, id. 5, 4: longis solibus, Stat. Th. 5, 460: solibus arctis, short winter days, id. S. 1, 3, 88.—So, to describe certain seasons: solibus hibernis ... gratior, than the sun in winter, Ov. M. 13, 793: si numeres anno soles et nubila toto, the sunny and cloudy days, id. Tr. 5, 8, 31.—C. Light or heat of the sun (poet. and in postAug. prose; cf.
D. supra): pars terrai perusta solibus assiduis, Lucr. 5, 253; cf. Ov. H. 5, 112: pluviis et solibus icta, Lucr. 6, 1101: quae carent ventis et solibus, i. e. are buried, Hor. Epod. 16, 13; 2, 41: et soles melius nitent, id. C. 4, 5, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 10, 17: ex imbri soles Prospicere ... poteris, Verg. G. 1, 393: inque novos soles audent se gramina tuto Credere, id. ib. 2, 332; similarly, Ov. F. 4, 404; Stat. Th. 1, 363; 4, 421; 4, 831: tum blandi soles, Ov. F. 1, 157: frigore soles juvant, id. R. Am. 405; so Mart. 10, 42: Romulus et frater ... Solibus et campo corpora nuda dabant, Ov. F. 2, 366: aequora semper solibus orba tument, id. P. 1, 3, 54: solibus rupta glacies, Juv. 4, 43: geminā pereunt caligine soles, Stat. Th. 5, 154: aestivos quo decipis aere soles? id. S. 4, 4, 19: tacent exhausti solibus amnes, id. Th. 3, 2, 59; 4, 56; Mart. 10, 12, 7; 8, 14, 4; 14, 28; Ov. M. 1, 435: cura soles assiduo quaerendi, Plin. 26, 3, 8, § 16: perpeti soles, id. 36, 22, 45, § 162: evitatis solibus, id. 28, 12, 50, § 186: (sal) siccatur aestivis solibus, id. 31, 7, 39, § 73: merguntur in aquam solibus tepefactam, id. 19, 1, 3, § 17: nec campi minus soles accipiunt, id. 17, 4, 3, § 29: sarculatio novos soles admittit, id. 18, 21, 50, § 184; cf. id. 12, 5, 11, § 23; 12, 7, 14, § 26: aurea pellebant tepidos umbracula soles, Ov. F. 2, 311: dum patula defendimus arbore soles, Stat. S. 3, 1, 70.—Very rarely of the sun's revolution, without reference to light or heat: quae via soles praecipitet, Stat. Th. 6, 362.—In class. prose sometimes solis ardores, with the force of the poet. soles: et nimios solis defendit ardores, Cic. Sen. 15, 53; cf.: propter nimios solis ardores, Sen. Ep. 90, 17.III. Sol, the Sun-god.
A. Lit.
a. The ancient Italian deity Sol, represented as driving the four-horse sun-chariot from east to west; later identified with the Greek Helios, and hence often called Titan or Phœbus by the poets:
signi dic quid est? Cum quadrigis Sol exoriens, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 269: Sol ... aeternam suscepit lampada mundi, Lucr. 5, 402: rapax vis Solis equorum, id. 5, 402: quod magni filia Solis eram, Ov. R. Am. 276; id. M. 14, 346: Solis currus, id. P. 4, 6, 48: secundum (invocabis) Solem et Lunam, Varr. R. R. 1, 1 med.: grates tibi ago, summe Sol, Cic. Rep. 6, 9, 9: Sol Phaëthonti filio facturum se esse dixit quidquid optasset, id. Off. 3, 25, 94: Quid? illum filium Solis nonne patris ipsius luce indignum putas? id. Tusc. 3, 12, 26: qui Solem aurigando aequiperare existimaretur, Suet. Ner. 53: Solis colossus Rhodi, Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 41; 34, 8, 19, § 63.—Comic.: credo edepol equidem dormire Solem atque adpotum probe, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 129.—b. The Phœnician sun-god Heliogabalus (Elagabal), whose worship was introduced by the later emperors (Aurelianus, Heliogabalus):
ad templum Heliogabali tetendit ... et Romae Soli templum posuit, Vop. Aur. 25; cf. id. ib. 4; 14; 35; 39; Lampr. Heliog. 1; 3; afterwards called Sol Invictus, whose birthday, acc. to the Calendar. Const., was celebrated December 25th; cf. Julian. Or. 4, p. 156.—c. Of the sun-worship of other nations:
(Germani) deorum numero ducunt Solem et Vulcanum et Lunam, Caes. B. G. 6, 21; cf.: rex regum, frater Solis et Lunae, of the king of Persia, Amm. 17, 5, 3.—B. The sun-god as emblem of omniscience:
non potuit reperire, si ipsi Soli quaerundas dares, lepidiores ad hanc rem quam ego dabo, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 206: meliorem neque tu reperis, neque Sol videt, id. Stich. 1, 2, 53: at vigiles mundi ... Sol et Luna, Lucr. 5, 1435: si hoc uno quicquam Sol vidisset iniquius, Cic. Off. 2, 8, 28: O Solem ipsum beatissimum, qui antequam se abderet fugientem vidit Antonium, id. Phil. 14, 10, 27: Solem consule, qui late facta diurna videt, Ov. F. 4, 582: quis Solem fallere possit? id. A. A. 2, 573; cf. Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 21; Sen. Herc. Fur. 595.—Hence represented as betrayer of conspiracies: propiusque honos Boli, qui occulta conjurationis retexisset, Tac. A. 15, 74; to him was commended the detection of murderers, in inscriptions over the slain: SOL, TIBI COMMENDO QVI MANVS INTVLIT EI, Inscr. Orell. 4791: SOL, TV INDICES EIVS MORTEM, ib. 4792.—C. Poet., to describe the times of the day: solverat flagrantes Sol pronus equos, = it was night, Stat. Th. 3, 408: Sol operum medius summo librabat Olympo Lucentes, ceu staret, equos, = it was mid-day, id. ib. 5, 85.
IV. In gen., solis as an appellation.
A. DIES SOLIS, Sunday (late Lat.), Inscr. Orell. 508.—
B. Solis gemma, a precious stone, Plin. 37, 10, 67, § 181.—
C. Solis insula, off the coast of Gedrosia, Plin. 6, 22, 24, § 86; 6, 23, 26, § 97.—
D. Solis fons, in Marmorica, Curt. 4, 7, 22; Mela, 1, 8, 1; Plin. 5, 5, 5, § 31.—
E. Solis promunturium, in Africa, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 9.—
F. Solis oppidum, a town in Ægina, Plin. 5, 9, 11, § 61.
Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
sōl sōlis, m
2 SER-, the sun : lux solis: quid potest esse sole maius?: occidens, oriens, sunset, sunrise : sole orto Gracchus copias educit, L.: ad solis occasum, towards sunset , Cs.: surgente a sole ad, etc., from early morning , H.—Prov.: adiecit, nondum omnium dierum solem occidisse, i. e. that his day of re<*>enge might yet come , L.—Plur: se duo soles vidisse dicant.—Esp.: spectant in orientem solem, to the East , Cs.: si illud signum solis ortum conspiceret, to the East : ab ortu solis flare venti, L.: alterum (litus) vergit ad occidentum solem, to the west , Cs.: spectat inter occasum solis et septemtriones, north-west , Cs.: quae (pars insulae) est propius solis occasum, Cs.— A day (poet.): septimus, Iu.: O sol Pulcher, O laudande, H.: Supremo sole, at midday , H.: longos Cantando condere soles, spend the long summer days , V.: Si numeres anno soles et nubila toto, the sunny and the cloudy days , O.— The sun, sunlight, sunshine, heat of the sun : paululum a sole, out of the sun : in sole ambulare: torrente meridiano sole, L.: ut veniens dextrum latus aspiciat sol, light of the morning sun , H.: adversi solis ab ictu, sunstroke , O.: patiens pulveris atque solis, H.—Prov.: processerat in solem et pulverem, i. e. into the struggles of life : cum id solis luce videatur clarius, plainer than sunlight.—Plur. : Quae levis adsiduis solibus usta riget, O.: Quae carent ventis et solibus, i. e. are buried , H.: ex imbri soles Prospicere . . . poteris, V.: Tum blandi soles, O.: aequora semper solibus orba tument, O.: solibus rupta glacies, Iu.—As nom prop., the Sun-god, Sol (an Italian deity): quod magni filia Solis eram, O.: gratīs tibi ago, summe Sol: si hoc uno quicquam Sol vidisset indignius: Solem Consule, qui late facta videt, O.—Fig., the sun, light, glory : P. Africanus sol alter: Solem Asiae Brutum appellat, H.
Origins
Certainly inherited from the Proto-Indo-European word for "sun," which might have had a form like *sóh₂wl̥ (see there for alternative reconstructions). The development of the Latin form and the exact reconstruction of the PIE word is disputed. The only attested cognate within the Italic branch is Oscan 𐌔𐌖𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌔 (suleis) (genitive singular), which may represent underlying *sōl or *sūl. In the former case, the term would be identical to the Latin word and would then support reconstructing the vowel *ō at the Proto-Italic stage. Poccetti 2016, following a suggestion by V. Martzlof, indicates that both words could be derived from Proto-Italic *swōl, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂wōl. If, however, the Oscan form is taken as *sūl, then it may reflect Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ul and the Latin /ō/ would presumably reflect an independent development. De Vaan and Sihler have both proposed theories regarding the origin of this Latin word and the reconstruction of the PIE term, though they did so prior to the discovery of the Oscan evidence: * According to De Vaan, perhaps inherited from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ul ~ *sh₂wéns. However, per De Vaan, such a PIE term is expected to yield Latin **saul and a zero-grade sequence **sh₂ul should have produced **sūl. To remedy this issue, Frederick Kortlandt and Robert Beekes have suggested that the unusual vocalism is the result of a particular development conditioned by the -l. * Sihler suggests that a pre-form of the shape *suh₂el yielded Proto-Italic *suwal, whence Old Latin *suwol and later *suol, which perhaps then contracted to sōl. Sihler compares this development to the shift of *swo- to so- as in soror.
Insular Romance
- Sardiniansole
- Sardiniansobi
- Sardiniansoi
- Sardiniansoli
Balkano-Romance
- Romaniansoare
- Aromaniansoari
- Istro-Romaniansore
- Megleno-Romaniansoari
Italo-Dalmatian
- Italiansole
- Galluresesolifrom Corsican soli
- Sassaresesorifrom Corsican soli
- Dalmatiansaul
- Istriotsul
- Judeo-Italianסוּלוֹ
- Tarantinosolefrom Neapolitan sole
- Siciliansuli
- Venetansołe
Gallo-Romance
- Catalansolfrom Old Catalan sol
- Old Occitansol
Ibero-Romance
- Spanishsolfrom Old Spanish sol
- Aragonesesol
- Mozarabicשול
- Old Galician-Portuguesesol
- Asturiansolfrom Old Leonese sol
- Extremaduransolfrom Old Leonese sol
- Leonesesolfrom Old Leonese sol
- Mirandesesolfrom Old Leonese sol
- Ladinosolfrom Old Spanish sol
- Ladinoסולfrom Old Spanish sol
Borrowings
- Englishsol
- Interlinguasol
- CornishSulfrom Proto-Brythonic *Sul
- BretonSulfrom Proto-Brythonic *Sul
- WelshSulfrom Proto-Brythonic *Sul
- TranslingualSolaster
Gallo-Italic
- Emiliansåul
- Emiliansôl
- Emiliansoul
- Emiliansaul
- Liguriansô
- Lombardsol
- Lombardso
- Piedmontesesol
- Piedmonteseso
- Romagnolsól