adjectivethird-declension one-termination adjective
pār1
pār (genitive paris, comparative parior, superlative parissimus or parissumus, adverb pariter)
Classical[ˈpaːr]Ecclesiastical[ˈpar]
№ 281 of the 1,000 commonest wordsMille Verba core vocabulary
Meaning
- one terminationeven (of a number)
- one terminationequal
Hīc prīmum paribus nītēns Cyllēnius ālīs / cōnstitit; [...].
Here first [at Mount Atlas, Mercury] the Cyllenian, alighting on equal wings, halted; ….29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.252–253 - one terminationlike
- one terminationsuitable
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
aequus alterī; parēs sunt inter sē aequī: nec maior nec minor.pār paris — in Mille Verba, Certāmina Gymnica
aequus cum aequōpār cum parī — in IVLIANVS II: Imperium, ch. 11
aequālis, similispār paris (adj) — in Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, ch. 18
aequus, aequē longuspār paris — in Metamorphoses I, ch. 16
Choosing the right word Döderlein's Latin Synonyms
Æquus · Par · Æqualis · Parilis · Compar · Impar · Dispar
1. Æquum (from εἴκελος) is that of which its own component parts are alike, in opp. to varius, Cic. Verr. v. 49; par (from πείρω) is that which is like to some other person or thing, and stands in the same rank (on the same level) with it or him, in opp. to superior and inferior. Cic. Brut. 59, 215. Orat. ii. 52, 209. 39, 166. In æquo marte the battle between two parties is considered as a whole; in pari marte the fortune of one party is set against that of the other, and declared to be equal to it. 2. Par denotes similarity with respect to greatness, power, and value, or equality and proportion with regard to number, like ἴσος; æqualis refers to interior qualities, like ὅμοιος. The par is considered as in a state of activity, or, at least, as determined and prepared to measure himself with his match in contest; the æqualis, in a state of rest, and claiming merely comparison and equality as to rank. The paria are placed in opposition to each other, as rivals in the contest for pre-eminence; the æqualia are considered in a friendly relation to each other, in consequence of their common qualities and sympathies. Hence pariter means, in the same degree, ἴσα; æqualiter, in the same manner, ὁμοίως, ὁμῶς. Vell. Pat. ii. 124. 3. Par denotes quite like, parilis, nearly like, as a middle step between par and similis. 4. Par expresses equal to another, and hence may relate to only one side; compar, mutually equal, like finitimi and confines, ἐγγύς and σύνεγγυς. 5. Impar denotes inequality as to quantity, either arithmetical inequality with regard to number [= odd], or a relative inferiority as to strength; dispar refers to quality, without distinguishing on which side of the comparison the advantage lies. (iv. 77.)
Declension
| form | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | pār | pār | pār |
| genitive | paris | paris | paris |
| dative | parī | parī | parī |
| accusative | parem | parem | pār |
| ablative | parī pare | parī pare | parī pare |
| vocative | pār | pār | pār |
| form | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | parēs | parēs | paria |
| genitive | parium | parium | parium |
| dative | paribus | paribus | paribus |
| accusative | parīs parēs | parīs parēs | paria |
| ablative | paribus | paribus | paribus |
| vocative | parēs | parēs | paria |
Phrases from Meissner's Latin Phrase-Book
- par pari referre
- to return like for like.
- paria paribus respondere
- to return like for like.
- rebus ipsis par est oratio
- the circumstances are described in language worthy of them.
- paribus intervallis distare
- to be equidistant.
- ratio alicuius rei constat (convenit, par est)
- the accounts balance.
pār, păris (collat. form of the
I. nom. fem. paris, Atta ap. Prisc. p. 764 P.—Abl. pari and pare, acc. to Charis. p. 14 P.; Prisc. p. 763 ib.; the latterpoet.—Gen. plur. usu. parĭum; parum, acc. to Plin. ap. Charis. p. 110 P.), adj. cf. Sanscr. para, another, and prae, equal (cf.: aequus, similis).
I. Lit.:
par est, quod in omnes aequabile est, Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 67: par et aequalis ratio, id. Or. 36, 123: aequo et pari jure cum civibus vivere, id. Off. 1, 34, 124: vita beata ... par et similis deorum, id. N. D. 2, 61, 153: est finitimus oratori poëta ac paene par, id. de Or. 1, 16, 70: pari atque eādem in laude aliquem ponere, id. Mur. 9, 21: intelleges de hoc judicium meum et horum par et unum fuisse, id. Sull. 2, 5: pares in amore atque aequales, id. Lael. 9, 32: libertate esse parem ceteris, id. Phil. 1, 14, 34: verbum Latinum (voluptas) par Graeco (ἡδονή) et idem valens, id. Fin. 2, 4, 12: pares ejusdem generis munitiones, of equal size, Caes. B. G. 7, 74: similia omnia magis visa hominibus, quam paria, Liv. 45, 43: pares similesque (affectus), Sen. Ira, 1, 19 et saep.: quod in re pari valet, valeat in hac, quae par est ... valeat aequitas, quae paribus in causis paria jura desiderat, Cic. Top. 4, 23: si ingenia omnia paria esse non possunt: jura certe paria debent esse eorum inter se, qui sunt cives in eādem re publicā, id. Rep. 1, 32, 49: necesse est eam esse naturam, ut omnia omnibus paribus paria respondeant, id. N. D. 1, 19, 50; id. Fam. 5, 2, 3: equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt, Caes. B. G. 1, 43: hi (equites), dum pari certamine res geri potuit, etc., i. e. horsemen against horsemen, id. B. C. 1, 51.— Poet., with a respective gen. or inf.: aetatis mentisque pares, Sil. 4, 370: et cantare pares et respondere parati, Verg. E. 7, 5.— (b). The thing with which the comparison is made is most freq. added in the dat.:
quem ego parem summis Peripateticis judico, Cic. Div. 1, 3, 5: in his omnibus par iis, quos antea commemoravi, id. Clu. 38, 107: omni illi et virtute et laude par, id. Planc. 11, 27: isti par in belligerando, id. Font. 12, 26: par anseribus, as large as, Juv. 5, 114: prodigio par, i. e. extremely rare, id. 4, 97.—In sup.: QVOIVS FORMA VIRTVTEI PARISVMA FVIT, Epit. of the Scipios, Inscr. Orell. 550: parissumi estis hibus, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 20.—Adverb. (colloq. and very rare): feceris par tuis ceteris factis, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 3.—(g). With gen. (with this case par is treated as a substantive; rare but class.), an equal, counterpart, etc.:
ei erat hospes, par illius, Siculus, etc., his counterpart, Plaut. Rud. prol. 49: cujus paucos pares haec civitas tulit, Cic. Pis. 4, 8: quem metuis par hujus erat, Luc. 10, 382: ubique eum parem sui invenies, Front. Ep. ad Amic. 1, 6: vestrae fortitudinis, Phaedr. 4, 15, 6.—(d). With abl. (rare):
scalas pares moenium altitudine, Sall. H. Fragm. ap. Arus. Mess. p. 253 Lindem.: in quā par facies nobilitate suā, Ov. F. 6, 804.—(ε) With cum (class.): non praecipuam, sed parem cum ceteris fortunae condicionem subire, Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7: ut enim cetera paria Tuberoni cum Varo fuissent, etc., id. Lig. 9, 27: quem tu parem cum liberis tuis regnique participem fecisti, Sall. J. 14, 9 (cited ap. Arus. Mess. p. 253 Lindem.; but in Cic. Phil. 1, 14, 34, read parem ceteris). —(ζ) With inter se (class.): sunt omnes pares inter se, Cic. Par. 1, 2, 11; id. de Or. 1, 55, 236.—(η) With et, atque (ac) (class.): cum par habetur honos summis et infimis, Cic. Rep. 1, 34, 53: omnia fuisse in Themistocle paria et Coriolano, id. Brut. 11, 43: tametsi haudquaquam par gloria sequatur scriptorem et auctorem rerum, Sall. C. 3, 2: quos postea in parem juris libertatisque condicionem atque ipsi erant, receperunt, Caes. B. G. 1, 28; so with atque, id. ib. 5, 13, 2: si parem sapientiam hic habet ac formam, Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 36: neque mihi par ratio cum Lucilio est ac tecum fuit, Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 3: in quo offensae minimum, gratia par, ac si prope adessemus, Sall. J. 102, 7.—(θ) The object of comparison is sometimes not expressed: cui repugno, quoad possum, sed adhuc pares non sumus, i.e. not equal to the task, able, Cic. Att. 12, 15: pari proelio, indecisive, Nep. Them. 3, 3: pares validaeque miscentur, Tac. G. 20: cum paria esse coeperunt, Plin. Ep. 4, 14, 6: si periculum par et ardor certaminis eos irritaret, Liv. 24, 39, 6.—B. In partic.
1. Equal to, a match for any one in any respect:
quibus ne di quidem immortales pares esse possint, Caes. B. G. 4, 7 fin.: qui pares esse nostro exercitu (dat.) non potuerint, id. ib. 1, 40, 7; cf.: ille, quod neque se parem armis existimabat, et, etc., Sall. J. 20, 5: non sumus pares, not on an equality, Juv. 3, 104: exime hunc mihi scrupulum, cui par esse non possum, Plin. Ep. 3, 17, 2: habebo, Q. Fabi, parem, quem das, Hannibalem, an opponent, adversary, Liv. 28, 44: inter pares aemulatio, Tac. A. 2, 47: ope Palladis Tydiden Superis parem, Hor. C. 1, 6, 15.—2. Equal in station or age, of the same rank, of the same age (syn. aequalis):
ut coëat par Jungaturque pari, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 25: si qua voles apte nubere, nube pari, Ov. H. 9, 32; Petr. 25, 5.—Prov.: pares vetere proverbio cum paribus facillime congregantur, i. e. birds of a feather flock together, Cic. Sen. 3, 7.—3. Par est, it is fit, meet, suitable, proper, right.
(a). With a subject-clause (class.;
syn.: oportet, aequum, justum est): amorin me an rei opsequi potius par sit, Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 6: posterius istaec te magis par agere'st, id. Pers. 5, 2, 21: canem esse hanc par fuit, id. Curc. 1, 2, 17: par est primum ipsum esse virum bonum, tum, etc., Cic. Lael. 22, 82: sic par est agere cum civibus, id. Off. 2, 23, 83: dubitans, quid me facere par sit, id. Att. 9, 9, 2: quicquid erit, quod me scire par sit, id. ib. 15, 17, 2: quibus (ornamentis) fretum ad consulatūs petitionem aggredi par est, id. Mur. 7, 15; id. Rab. Perd. 11, 31; cf.: ex quo intellegi par est, eos qui, etc., id. Leg. 2, 5, 11. —(b). Ut par est (erat, etc.;
class.): ita, ut constantibus hominibus par erat, Cic. Div. 2, 55, 114: ut par fuit, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 10. —* (g). With ut:
non par videtur neque sit consentaneum ... ut, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 31.—4. Par pari respondere, or par pro pari referre, to return like for like, of a'repartee:
par pari respondet, Plaut. Truc. 5, 47; id. Merc. 3, 4, 44; id. Pers. 2, 2, 11; cf.: paria paribus respondimus, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 23: ut sit unde par pari respondeatur, id. ib. 16, 7, 6: par pro pari referto, quod eam mordeat, Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 55 Fleck., Umpfenb., cited ap. Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 19 (Bentl. ex conject. par, pari; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 281, ed. 5).—5. Paria facere, to equalize or balance a thing with any thing, to settle, pay (post-Aug.):
cum rationibus domini paria facere, to pay. Col. 1, 8, 13; 11, 1, 24. —(b). Trop.:
cum aliter beneficium detur, aliter reddatur, paria facere difficile est, to return like for like, to repay with the same coin, Sen. Ben. 3, 9, 2: denique debet poenas: non est quod cum illo paria faciamus, repay him, id. Ira, 3, 25, 1: nihil differamus, cotidie cum vitā paria faciamus, settle our accounts with life, id. Ep. 101, 7; Plin. 2, 86, 88, § 202; so, parem rationem facere, Sen. Ep. 19, 10.—7. Ex pari, adverb., in an equal manner, on an equal footing (post-Aug.):
sapiens cum diis ex pari vivit, Sen. Ep. 59, 14.II. Transf., subst.
A. pār, păris, m., a companion, comrade, mate, spouse:
plebs venit, et adcumbit cum pare quisque suo, Ov. F. 3, 526: jungi cum pare suā, id. ib. 3, 193: edicere est ausus cum illo suo pari, quem omnibus vitiis superare cupiebat, ut, etc., Cic. Pis. 8, 18.—Esp., a table companion, = όμόκλινος: atque ibi opulentus tibi par forte obvenerit, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 68 Brix ad loc.: cedo parem quem pepigi, id. Pers. 5, 1, 15 (v. also I. A. γ. supra).—B. pār, păris, n., a pair:
gladiatorum par nobilissimum, Cic. Opt. Gen. Or. 6, 17: ecce tibi geminum in scelere par, id. Phil. 11, 1, 2: par nobile fratrum, Hor. S. 2, 3, 243: par columbarum, Ov. M. 13, 833: par mularum, Gai. Inst. 3, 212: par oculorum, Suet. Rhet. 5: tria aut quatuor paria amicorum, Cic. Lael. 4, 15: scyphorum paria complura, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 19, § 47: paria (gladiatorum) ordinaria et postulaticia, Sen. Ep. 7, 3: pocula oleaginea paria duo, Lab. Dig. 32, 1, 30. Hence, adv.: părĭter, equally, in an equal degree, in like manner, as well. A. In gen.: dispartiantur patris bona pariter, Afran. ap. Non. 375, 1:
ut nostra in amicos benevolentia illorum erga nos benevolentiae pariter aequaliterque respondeat, Cic. Lael. 16, 56: laetamur amicorum laetitiā aeque atque nostrā, et pariter dolemus angoribus, id. Fin. 1, 20, 65: caritate non pariter omnes egemus, id. Off. 2, 8, 30: ut pariter extrema terminentur, id. Or. 12, 38; Phaedr. 5, 2, 10: et gustandi et pariter tangendi magna judicia sunt, Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146: nulla pro sociā obtinet, pariter omnes viles sunt, id. ib. 80, 7; Quint. 9, 3, 102: cuncta pariter Romanis adversa, Tac. A. 1, 64: tantumdem est; feriunt pariter, all the same, nevertheless, Juv. 3, 298.—(b). With cum:
Siculi mecum pariter moleste ferent, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 173: pariter nobiscum progredi, Auct. Her. 3, 1, 1; Verg. A. 1, 572.—(g). With ut, atque (ac):
is ex se hunc reliquit filium pariter moratum, ut pater avusque hujus fuit, Plaut. Aul. prol. 21: pariter hoc fit, atque ut alia facta sunt, id. Am. 4, 1, 11: vultu pariter atque animo varius, Sall. J. 113, 3: pariter ac si hostis adesset, id. ib. 46, 6.—(d). With et ... et:
pariterque et ad se tuendum et ad hostem petendum, Liv. 31, 35: pariter et habitus et nomina edocebuntur, Quint. 1, 1, 25; Ov. M. 11, 556.—(ε) With dat. (in late poets, and once in Liv.): pariter ultimae (gentes) propinquis, imperio parerent, the remotest as well as the nearest, Liv. 38, 16; Stat. Th. 5, 121; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 166.—* (ζ) With qualis: pariter suades, qualis es, Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 37. —B. In partic.
1. Like simul, of equality in time or in association, at the same time, together:
nam plura castella Pompeius pariter, distinendae manūs causā, tentaverat, at the same time, together, Caes. B. C. 3, 52: pariter decurrere, Liv. 22, 4, 6: ut pariter et socii rem inciperent, id. 3, 22, 6; 10, 5, 7; 26, 48 fin.; cf.: plura simul invadimus, si aut tam infirma sunt, ut pariter impelli possint, aut, etc., Quint. 5, 13, 11; so, pariter multos invadere, id. 5, 7, 5: pariter ire, id. 1, 1, 14; 1, 12, 4; Tac. H. 4. 56; Plin. 26, 8, 40, § 66.—(b). With cum (so commonly in Cic.):
conchyliis omnibus contingere, ut cum lunā pariter crescant pariterque decrescant, Cic. Div. 2, 14, 33; cf. id. de Or. 3, 3, 10: studia doctrinae pariter cum aetate crescunt, id. Sen. 14, 50: pariter cum vitā sensus amittitur, id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24: equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos educit, Sall. J. 68, 2; 77, 1; 106, 5: pariter cum collegā, Liv. 10, 21, 14; 27, 17, 6.—(g). With et, atque, que:
inventionem et dispositionem pariter exercent, Quint. 10, 5, 14; 1, 1, 25: quibus mens pariter atque oratio insurgat, id. 12, 2, 28: seriis jocisque pariter accommodato, id. 6, 3, 110.—(d). With dat. (poet.), Stat. Th. 5, 122:
pariterque favillis Durescit glacies, Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 165.—2. In order to give greater vivacity to the expression, reduplicated: pariter ... pariter, as soon as (poet. and in post-Aug prose):
hanc pariter vidit, pariter Calydo nius heros Optavit, Ov. M. 8, 324; Plin. Ep. 8, 23 fin.—3. In like manner, likewise, also:
pariterque oppidani agere, Sall. J. 60, 1: postquam pariter nymphas incedere vidit, Ov. M. 2, 445.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
pār paris, abl. parī (rarely as subst. pare, C., O.), adj.
1 PAR-, equal : vita beata . . . par et similis deorum: est finitimus oratori poëta ac paene par: pares in amore et aequales: pares eiusdem generis munitiones, of equal size , Cs.: similia magis quam paria, L.: peccata, equally criminal , H.: ingenia iura: hi (equites), dum pari certamine res geri potuit, etc., i. e. horsemen against horsemen , Cs.: cui repugno, quoad possum, sed adhuc pares non sumus, i. e. not equal to the task : pari proelio, indecisive , N.: pares validaeque miscentur, Ta.: cantare pares, peers in song , V.: quem ego parem summis Peripateticis iudico: isti par in bello gerendo: anseribus, as large as , Iu.: prodigio par, i. e. extremely rare , Iu.: Responsura par fama labori, meet , H.: effugit imago, Par levibus ventis, like , V.: cuius paucos pares haec civitas tulit, equals : vestrae fortitudinis, Ph.: In quā par facies nobilitate suā, O.: par cum ceteris fortunae condicio: quem tu parem cum liberis tuis fecisti, S.: artīs constituere inter se parīs: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis: haudquaquam par gloria sequatur scriptorem et auctorem rerum, S.: quos in parem iuris condicionem atque ipsi erant, receperunt, Cs.: neque mihi par ratio cum Lucilio est ac tecum fuit: in quo offensae minimum, gratia par, ac si prope adessemus, S.— Equal, a match : quibus ne di quidem immortales pares esse possint, Cs.: quod neque se parem armis existimabat, S.: Non sumus pares, not on an equality , Iu.: habebo parem, quem das, Hannibalem, an adversary , L.: sequitur parem, i. e. with equal speed , O.— Equal, well-matched, suitable : rebus ipsis par et aequalis oratio, adequate : ut coëat par Iungaturque pari, kindred spirits , H.: S<*>ua voles apte nubere, nube pari, O.—Prov.: <*>ares cum paribus facillime congregantur, i. e. birds of a feather flock together .—In phrases with esse, fit, meet, suitable, proper, right : ita, ut constantibus hominibus par erat: par est ipsum esse virum bonum: sic par est agere cum civibus: dubitans, quid me facere par sit.—Repeated with respondeo or refero, like for like, tit for tat : par pari ut respondeas, T.: paria paribus respondimus: Par pro pari referto, give as good as you get , T.—In the phrase, Ludere par impar, to play “ even and odd ,” H.—As subst m . and f a companion, fellow, comrade, mate, spouse : adcumbit cum pare quisque suo, O.: edicere est ausus cum illo suo pari, ut, etc.: paribus conludere, H.—As subst n., a pair, couple : par illud simile, Piso et Gabinius: par nobile fratrum, H.: columbarum, O.: tria paria amicorum.
Origins
Unclear. A traditional reconstruction is Proto-Indo-European *perh₂- (“to exchange, sell”), comparing Ancient Greek πέρνημι (pérnēmi) etc. and Lithuanian pirkti; but this accounts badly for the /a(ː)/. De Vaan suggests *peh₂s- (“to watch (over), see?”), linking Latin pāreō. All possibilities nonetheless suffer semantic problems. Others refrain from assigning an Indo-European root. If Umbrian pars (“prescribed”) is related, one can reconstruct an adjectival stem in Proto-Italic *par-.