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“polar” in Latin

The English word polar itself goes back to Latin polus, through polāris.

Riddle & Arnold A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon, 1864

polar
by the genitive, axis, etc., or ad axem pertinens (belonging to the pole): axi proximus or vicinus (near the pole). Polar star, septemtrio (Plin.); stella polaris (technical term): polar circle, circulus polaris (technical term).

Quick answer

What is the Latin word for polar?
The usual Latin words for “polar” are vīcīnus, septentriō. The right choice depends on the sense; see the distinctions below.

Entry from J. E. Riddle & T. K. Arnold, A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon (rev. C. Anthon, New York: Harper, 1864), digitised by Fergus J. P. Walsh, CC BY-SA 4.0; Latin markup adapted by latindictionary.co.