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“patient” in Latin

The English word patient itself goes back to Latin patior, through patiens.

Riddle & Arnold A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon, 1864

patient adj.
patiens, tolerans, in anything, alicujus rei [SYN. in PATIENCE]: placidus (mild, calm): to be patient; Vid: “to have PATIENCE.
patient s.
aeger; aegrotus: to visit patients, aegrotos perambulare (of a physician).

Quick answer

What is the Latin word for patient?
The usual Latin words for “patient” are patior, tolerō, placidus; also aeger, aegrōtus. The right choice depends on the sense; see the distinctions below.

Entry from J. E. Riddle & T. K. Arnold, A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon (rev. C. Anthon, New York: Harper, 1864), digitised by Fergus J. P. Walsh, CC BY-SA 4.0; Latin markup adapted by latindictionary.co.