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“colony” in Latin

The English word colony itself goes back to Latin colō, through colōnia.

Riddle & Arnold A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon, 1864

colony
a number of persons (migrating to a place to cultivate the land, etc.), colonia: coloni: to send out a colony to a place, coloniam or colonos mittere in aliquem locum: coloniam deducere in aliquem locum: deductio coloniarum in aliquem agrum (the colonization).
The place itself, colonia: to establish a colony, coloniam condeie: at some place, coloniam in aliquo loco constituere, collocare: relating to a colony, colonicus.

Quick answer

What is the Latin word for colony?
The usual Latin words for “colony” are colōnia, colōnus, collocō; also colōnicus. The right choice depends on the sense; see the distinctions below.

Entry from J. E. Riddle & T. K. Arnold, A Copious and Critical English–Latin Lexicon (rev. C. Anthon, New York: Harper, 1864), digitised by Fergus J. P. Walsh, CC BY-SA 4.0; Latin markup adapted by latindictionary.co.