“civil” in Latin

civilis: civicus: civium (civicus, in the best prose, is found only with corona [“the civic crown”]: civilis, relating to a citizen, etc., does not occur in the sense of “popular,” “condescending,” etc., till after Augustus. Liv. has sermo civilis; and in following writers it is used for “civil” or “courteous.” The genitive civium is used when what is asserted, holds good of each citizen or many individual citizens of the whole body; e.g., orationes civiles are speeches regarding the state: orationes civium. speeches made by inditidual citizens): togatus (concerning the citizen when wearing the toga, or “gown of peace;” opposed to militaris: hence togati; opposed to milites): the civil year, annus civilis: the civil day, dies civilis. A civil process, causa privata, lis: a civil right, jus civile (in the wider sense; opposed to jus naturale: also as “private right;” opposed to jus publicum). The civil list, *domestici sumtus principis: a civil governor, qui provinciae praeest sine imperio: proconsul (in the time of the Roman emperors). A civil officer, magistratus (opposed to imperium): officium civile (opposed to officium militare). Civil and military offices, migistratus et imperia. Civil war, belluin civium: bellum civile: bellum intestinum or domesticum; sometimes arma or castra civilia: during a civil war, inter arma civilia: to abhor civil war, a civilibus castris abhorrere: arma civilia fugere: to take part in a civil war for a long time, diu in armis civilibus commorari. Civil discord, discordia or dissensio civilis. To foment civil discord, discordiam in civitatem inducere. A civil contest, certamen civile. Civil death, diminutio or deminutio capitis maxima (loss of freedom, family, and the rights of citizenship).

Polite, etc., urbanus (courteous): affabilis (conversing pleasantly with inferiors): comis (kind and condescending toward inferiors): blandus (of soft, winning speech): civilis (of a prince or great man treating inferiors with the simplicity of a plain citizen, that is, as their equal. In this sense it was used by the post-Augustan writers): benignus (kind): facilis (opposed to difficilis: a pleasant person to have to do with in social intercourse, from being obliging, easily satisfied, etc): officiosus (ready to perform kind offices, pay kind attentions, etc): a civil invitation, invitatio benigna: he is very civil toward me, perhonorificus in me est.