verbfirst conjugation
castīgō
castīgō (present infinitive castīgāre, perfect active castīgāvī, supine castīgātum)
Classical[kasˈtiː.ɡoː]Ecclesiastical[kasˈtiː.ɡo]
Meaning
- to castigate, chastise, reprove
- to punish
Qui bene amat, bene castigat.
Spare the rod and spoil the child. (literally, “Whoever loves well, punishes well.”)Pueros vero matres et magistri castigare etiam solent, nec verbis solum, sed etiam verberibus. Si quid in domestico luctu hilarius ab is factum est aut dictum, plorare cogunt. Quid?
Mothers and teachers are used to chastise children not only with words, but also with hits of the rod. If the children do or say something rather "cheerful" in a small argument, they make them cry. Why?c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculanae disputationes 3.64 - to rebuke, reprimand
Plurimus ei de honesto ac bono sermo sit: nam quo saepius monuerit, hoc rarius castigabit.
May his [the ideal rhetoric teacher's] discussion be very often about what is honourable, good: the more he reminds the student, the less he will reprimand the student.c. 35 CE – 100 CE, Quintilianus, Institutiones 2.2.5 - to correct, amend
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
moderātus, sevērē rēctuscastigātus -a -um — in IVLIANVS II: Imperium, ch. 19
Conjugation conjugation 1
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | castīgō | castīgābam | castīgābō | castīgāvī | castīgāveram | castīgāverō |
| 2nd sg. | castīgās | castīgābās | castīgābis | castīgāvistī | castīgāverās | castīgāveris |
| 3rd sg. | castīgat | castīgābat | castīgābit | castīgāvit | castīgāverat | castīgāverit |
| 1st pl. | castīgāmus | castīgābāmus | castīgābimus | castīgāvimus | castīgāverāmus | castīgāverimus |
| 2nd pl. | castīgātis | castīgābātis | castīgābitis | castīgāvistis | castīgāverātis | castīgāveritis |
| 3rd pl. | castīgant | castīgābant | castīgābunt | castīgāvērunt castīgāvēre | castīgāverant | castīgāverint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | castīgem | castīgārem | castīgāverim | castīgāvissem |
| 2nd sg. | castīgēs | castīgārēs | castīgāverīs | castīgāvissēs |
| 3rd sg. | castīget | castīgāret | castīgāverit | castīgāvisset |
| 1st pl. | castīgēmus | castīgārēmus | castīgāverīmus | castīgāvissēmus |
| 2nd pl. | castīgētis | castīgārētis | castīgāverītis | castīgāvissētis |
| 3rd pl. | castīgent | castīgārent | castīgāverint | castīgāvissent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | castīgor | castīgābar | castīgābor |
| 2nd sg. | castīgāris castīgāre | castīgābāris castīgābāre | castīgāberis castīgābere |
| 3rd sg. | castīgātur | castīgābātur | castīgābitur |
| 1st pl. | castīgāmur | castīgābāmur | castīgābimur |
| 2nd pl. | castīgāminī | castīgābāminī | castīgābiminī |
| 3rd pl. | castīgantur | castīgābantur | castīgābuntur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | castīger | castīgārer |
| 2nd sg. | castīgēris castīgēre | castīgārēris castīgārēre |
| 3rd sg. | castīgētur | castīgārētur |
| 1st pl. | castīgēmur | castīgārēmur |
| 2nd pl. | castīgēminī | castīgārēminī |
| 3rd pl. | castīgentur | castīgārentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | castīgā | castīgāre |
| pres. 2nd pl. | castīgāte | castīgāminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | castīgātō | castīgātor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | castīgātō | castīgātor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | castīgātōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | castīgantō | castīgantor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | castīgāre | castīgārī |
| perfect infinitive | castīgāvisse | castīgātum esse |
| future infinitive | castīgātūrum esse | castīgātum īrī |
| present participle | castīgāns | — |
| perfect participle | — | castīgātus |
| future participle | castīgātūrus | castīgandus |
gerundcastīgandī, castīgandō, castīgandumsupinecastīgātum, castīgātū
Lewis & Short A Latin Dictionary, 1879
castīgo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. castum-ago, as purgo = purum-ago,
I. to set right by word or deed, to correct, chastise, punish; to blame, reprove, chide, censure, find fault with (syn.: animadvertere, punire; more forcible than reprehendere and vituperare; weaker than culpare;
class. in prose and poetry): pueros non verbis solum, sed etiam verberibus, Cic. Tusc. 3, 27, 64; so, verberibus, Plin. 8, 3, 3, § 6; cf. Liv. 26, 27, 8; Curt. 8, 6, 5: magnā clade, Liv. 39, 1, 4: baculo, Front. Strat. 1, 1, 3: quo saepius (magister) monuerit, hoc rarius castigabit, Quint. 2, 2, 5: laudat Pompeius... segniores castigat atque incitat, Caes. B. C. 1, 3; so opp. laudare, Liv. 27, 8, 18; Tac. Agr. 21: castigando increpandoque plus quam leniter agendo, proficere, Liv. 27, 9, 8: servos exuviis bubulis, Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 26: aliquem dictis plurumis, id. Bacch. 4, 8, 67; Verg. A. 5, 387: verbis, Cic. Off. 1, 25, 88; Liv. 36, 20, 4: litteris, Caes. B. C. 3, 25: per litteras, Tac. A. 3, 35: leniter, Liv. 30, 15, 10; 36, 31, 8: vehementissime, Petr. 109, 1: in hoc me ipse castigo quod, etc., Cic. Tusc. 5, 1, 4: segnitiem hominum atque inertiam, id. de Or. 1, 41, 184; Liv. 31, 6, 5: nimiam lenitatem, id. 39, 55, 1: moras, Verg. A. 4, 407: dolos, id. ib. 6, 567: vitia, Juv. 2, 35; Vulg. Psa. 117, 18; id. Heb. 12, 6 al.—II. Esp.
A. To correct some error, to set right, mend (poet. or in post-Aug. prose) ( = corrigere, emendare): carmen, *Hor. A. P. 294:
amicae verba, Juv. 6, 455: examen improbum in trutină, Pers. 1, 6: vitia sua, Plin. Pan. 46, 6.—B. To hold in check, to restrain; lit. and trop. (rare for the more usu. coërcere, cohibere, etc.):
quid illum credis facturum, nisi eum ... servas, castigas, mones? Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 31: equum tenacem, non parentem frenis asperioribus castigare, Liv. 39, 25, 13; Tac. A. 6, 13: castigatus animi dolor, Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 50: risum crebris potiunculis, Petr. 47, 7: lapsus, Stat. Th. 6, 700; cf. under P. a.—Hence, b. Of relations of space, to enclose, surround, encompass, confine, shut in:
insula castigatur aquis, Sil. 12, 355.— Hence, castīgātus, a, um, P. a. (poet. or in post-Aug. prose), confined, compressed; hence, 1. As a designation of physical beauty, small, slender, close:
pectus, Ov. Am. 1, 5, 21: frons, Stat. S. 2, 1, 43.—2. Trop., restrained, checked:
luxuria tanto castigatior, quanto posset esse liberior, Aug. Civ. Dei, 5, 24: castigatissima disciplina, the strictest, Gell. 4, 20, 1 Hertz (Cod. Reg. castissima).—Adv.: castīgātē. a. (Acc. to castigatus, 1.) Compressedly, briefly:
castigatius, Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 6: castigatius eloqui, Aug. Doctr. Christ. 4, 14.—b. (Acc. to 2.) Restrainedly, within bounds:
vixit modeste, castigate, etc., Sen. Contr. 6, 8: vivere, Amm. 22, 3, 12.Origins
From an unattested noun *castis (“purity, virtue”) + -igō (“act, make”), the latter a suffixal form of agō. The noun *castis is thought to be formed from careō (“to lack”) + *-tis; the same root is found in castus (“chaste”). For the ending, compare fūstīgō and fatīgō, the formations of which also involve ti-derivations.
Descendants
- Frenchchâtierfrom Old French chastier
- Englishchastenfrom Old French chastier
- Englishchastisefrom Old French chastiser
- Italiancastigare
- Catalancastigarfrom Old Occitan castigar
- Occitancastigarfrom Old Occitan castigar
- Occitancastejarfrom Old Occitan castigar
- Occitancastiarfrom Old Occitan castigar
- Portuguesecastigarfrom Old Galician-Portuguese castigar
- Romaniancâștiga