§321. Adverbs

Adverbs are used to modify Verbs, Adjectives, and other Adverbs.

a. A Demonstrative or Relative adverb is often equivalent to the corresponding Pronoun with a preposition (see § 308. g):—

• eō [ = in ea] impōnit vāsa (Iug. 75), upon them (thither, thereon, on the beasts) he puts the camp-utensils.
• eō mīlitēs impōnere (B. G. 1.42), to put soldiers upon them (the horses).
• apud eōs quō [ = ad quōs] sē contulit (Verr. 4.38), among those to whom (whither) he resorted.
• quī eum necāsset unde [ = quō] ipse nātus esset (Rosc. Am. 71), one who should have killed his own father (him whence he had his birth).
• ō condiciōnēs miserās administrandārum prōvinciārum ubi [ = in quibus] sevēritās perīculōsa est (Flacc. 87), O! wretched terms of managing the provinces, where strictness is dangerous.

b. The participles dictum and factum, when used as nouns, are regularly modified by adverbs rather than by adjectives; so occasionally other perfect participles:—

• praeclārē facta (Nep. Timoth. 1), glorious deeds (things gloriously done).
• multa facētē dicta (Off. 1.104), many witty sayings.

c. A noun is sometimes used as an adjective, and may then be modified by an adverb:—

• victor exercitus, the victorious army.
• admodum puer, quite a boy (young).
• magis vir, more of a man (more manly).
• populum lātē rēgem (Aen. 1.21), a people ruling far and wide.

• hinc abitiō; (Plaut. Rud. 503), a going away from here.
• quid cōgitem dē obviarr itiōne (Att. 13.50), what I think about going to meet (him). [Perhaps felt as a compound.]

d. A few adverbs appear to be used like adjectives. Such are obviam, palam, sometimes contrā, and occasionally others:—

• fit obviam Clōdiō; (Mil. 29), he falls in with (becomes in the way of) Clodius. [Cf. the adjective obvius: as,sī ille obvius eī futūrus nōn erat (id. 47), if he was not likely to fall in with him.]
• haec commemorō quae sunt palam (Pison. 11), I mention these facts, which are well-known.
• alia probābilia, contrā alia dīcimus (Off. 2.7), we call some things probable, others the opposite (not probable). [In this use, contrā contradicts a previous adjective, and so in a manner repeats it.]
• erī semper lēnitās (Ter. And. 175), my master's constant (always) gentleness. [An imitation of a Greek construction.]

For propius, prīdiē, palam, and other adverbs used as prepositions, see § 432.