verbthird conjugation, no passive
incumbō
incumbō (present infinitive incumbere, perfect active incubuī, supine incubitum)
Classical[ɪŋˈkʊm.boː]Ecclesiastical[iŋˈkum.bo]
Meaning
- to lay oneself upon; to lean or recline on something
- to press down on, fall upon (e.g. one's sword)
Ferro incumbere.
To press down on iron.Gladio incumbere.
To press down on a sword. - to bend one's attention to; to devote or apply oneself to
ceris et stilo incumbere.
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
sē in rem pōnit; premitlean on; press on; devote oneself
incumbō -ere — in De Bello Gallico III, ch. 17, 20
Conjugation conjugation 3 no-supine
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | incumbō | incumbēbam | incumbam | incumbuī | incumbueram | incumbuerō |
| 2nd sg. | incumbis | incumbēbās | incumbēs | incumbuistī | incumbuerās | incumbueris |
| 3rd sg. | incumbit | incumbēbat | incumbet | incumbuit | incumbuerat | incumbuerit |
| 1st pl. | incumbimus | incumbēbāmus | incumbēmus | incumbuimus | incumbuerāmus | incumbuerimus |
| 2nd pl. | incumbitis | incumbēbātis | incumbētis | incumbuistis | incumbuerātis | incumbueritis |
| 3rd pl. | incumbunt | incumbēbant | incumbent | incumbuērunt incumbuēre | incumbuerant | incumbuerint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | incumbam | incumberem | incumbuerim | incumbuissem |
| 2nd sg. | incumbās | incumberēs | incumbuerīs | incumbuissēs |
| 3rd sg. | incumbat | incumberet | incumbuerit | incumbuisset |
| 1st pl. | incumbāmus | incumberēmus | incumbuerīmus | incumbuissēmus |
| 2nd pl. | incumbātis | incumberētis | incumbuerītis | incumbuissētis |
| 3rd pl. | incumbant | incumberent | incumbuerint | incumbuissent |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | incumbe | — |
| pres. 2nd pl. | incumbite | — |
| fut. 2nd sg. | incumbitō | — |
| fut. 3rd sg. | incumbitō | — |
| fut. 2nd pl. | incumbitōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | incumbuntō | — |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | incumbere | — |
| perfect infinitive | incumbuisse | — |
| present participle | incumbēns | — |
gerundincumbendī, incumbendō, incumbendum
Phrases from Meissner's Latin Phrase-Book
- incumbere in (ad) aliquid
- to be energetic about, throw one's heart into a thing.
- omni studio in (ad) bellum incumbere
- to carry on a war energetically.
- in rem publicam omni cogitatione curaque incumbere (Fam. 10. 1. 2)
- to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.
incumbo, cŭbŭi, cŭbĭtum, ĕre, v. n. 1. incubo,
I. to lay one's self upon, to lean or recline upon a thing (cf. ingruo; class., partic. in the trop. sense).
I. Lit., constr. with in, ad, super, or dat.; also with the simple acc.:
olivae, Verg. E. 8, 16: in parietem, Dig. 39, 2, 28: densis ordinibus nunc alii in alios, nunc in scuta incumbentes sustinebant impetus Romanorum, Liv. 35, 5, 7: toro, Verg. A. 4, 650: materiae, Curt. 8, 10, 25: terrae, Tac. A. 2, 17: super praedam, to lie upon, Petr. 80: in eum, Curt. 6, 9: ad vos, Ov. M. 9, 385: cumulatis in aqua sarcinis insuper incumbebant, Liv. 22, 2, 8: validis incumbere remis, Verg. A. 5, 15; 10, 294; Curt. 9, 9, 4.—Of the heavens: cava in se convexitas vergit, et cardini suo, hoc est terrae, undique incumbit, Plin. 2, 64, 64, § 160: mare, to cast itself into the sea, id. 5, 32, 40, § 141: fessi arma sua, Sall. Fragm. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 9, 229: tecto incubuit bubo, perched on, Ov. M. 6, 432: gladium faciam culcitam, camque incumbam, Plaut. Cas. 2, 4, 29.—B. Transf., to lean or incline towards, to overhang; to rush towards:
silex prona jugo laevum incumbebat ad amnem, Verg. A. 8, 236: laurus incumbens arae, id. ib. 2, 514: in gladium, to fall on one's sword, Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154: gladio, Auct. Her. 1, 11, 18: ferro, Phaedr. 3, 10, 33: in hostem, to press upon the enemy, Liv. 30, 34, 2; cf.: duo duces circumstare urbem ... et unum in locum totam periculi molem, omne onus incubuisse, id. 27, 40, 6.—II. Trop.
A. To press upon, burden, oppress, weigh upon:
incubuere (venti) mari, Verg. A. 1, 84: tempestas a vertice silvis incubuit, id. G. 2, 311: gravis incumbens scopulis aestas, id. ib. 2, 377: febrium terris incubuit cohors, Hor. C. 1, 3, 30: (aestus) incubuit populo, Lucr. 6, 142. —Absol.: saevior armis Luxuria incubuit, Just. 6, 292.—B. To bend one's attention to, to apply or devote one's self to, to exert one's self, or take pains with, pay attention to; constr. with in, ad, or dat.:
rogandis legibus, Flor. 3, 16: ceris et stilo, Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 9: labori, Sil. 4, 820: toto pectore novae cogitationi, Tac. Or. 3: et animo et opibus in bellum, Caes. B. G. 7, 76: ut jam inclinato (judici) reliqua incumbat oratio, press upon, exert influence on, Cic. de Or. 2, 79, 324; cf.: invidia mihi incumbit, Tac. A. 14, 54: in aliquod studium, Cic. de Or. 1, 8, 34: in causam, id. Phil. 4, 5, 12: acrius graviusque ad ulciscendas rei publicae injurias, id. ib. 6, 1, 2: tota mente in aliquam curam et cogitationem, id. Fam. 10, 3, 3: toto pectore ad laudem, id. ib. 10, 12, 2: omni cogitatione curaque in rem publicam, id. ib. 1, 2: fato urguenti incumbere, to press on, hasten, Verg. A. 2, 653.—With inf.: sarcire ruinas, Verg. G. 4, 249: delatorem pervertere, Tac. H. 2, 10.—With ut and subj.: Appius Claudius ... cum suis tum totius nobilitatis viribus incubuit, ut, etc., Liv. 10, 15, 8.— Absol.: nunc, nunc incumbere tempus, Ov. M. 10, 657.— C. To incline, choose, be inclined to, lean towards:
hoc servi esse officium reor, ... non quo incumbat eum (i. e. erum) inpellere, Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 8: ut eos, qui audiunt, quocumque incubuerit, possit impellere, whithersoever he may incline, choose, Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 55: eodem incumbunt municipia, are inclined the same way, id. Phil. 6, 7, 18: ad voluntatem perferendae legis, id. Att. 1, 19, 4: voluntatum inclinatio ad virum bonum, to lean towards, turn to, id. Mur. 26, 53: in causam, Cael. ad Cic. Fam. 8, 11, 3: in cupiditatem, Cic. Att. 5, 13, 3: in illo, id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 6.—D. To be incumbent upon one as a duty (post-class.):
accusandi necessitas domino, Dig. 48, 2, 5: ei probatio, ib. 22, 3, 2: judici omnium rerum officium, ib. 21, 1, 25.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
incumbō cubuī, cubitus, ere
CVB-, to lay oneself, lean, press, support oneself: in scuta, L.: in gladium, fall on: toro, V.: validis incumbere remis, bend to, V.: tecto incubuit bubo, perched on, O.: ferro, fall on, O.—To lean, incline, overhang: silex incumbebat ad amnem, V.: ad vos, O.: laurus Incumbens arae, V.—In war, to press upon, throw oneself: in hostem, L.: unum in locum totam periculi molem incubuisse, L.—Fig., to press upon, settle on, burden, oppress, weigh upon: Incubuere (venti) mari, V.: tempestas silvis Incubuit, V.: febrium Terris incubuit cohors, H.—To make an effort, apply oneself, exert oneself, take pains with, pay attention to: Tum Teucri incumbunt, V.: nunc, nunc incumbere tempus, O.: huc incumbe, attend to this: et animo et opibus in id bellum, Cs.: omni studio ad bellum: acrius ad ulciscendas rei p. iniurias: ut inclinato (iudici) incumbat oratio, influence: fato urguenti, i. e. accelerate, V.: sarcire ruinas, V.: suis viribus incubuit, ut, etc., L.—To incline, choose, be inclined to, lean towards: eos, quocumque incubuerit, impellere, whithersoever he may try: eodem incumbunt municipia, are inclined: inclinatio incubuit ad virum bonum: in cupiditatem.
Origins
- Proto-Indo-European*h₁én
- Proto-Italic*en
- Proto-Italic*en-
- Latinincumbō
Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb-der. Proto-Italic *kumbō Latin *cumbō Latin incumbō From in- + *cumbō.
Descendants
- Frenchincomber
- Italianincombere
- Spanishincumbir
- Portugueseincumbir