“he” in Latin

is implied in Latin by the form of the verb, and in most cases sufficiently so. But if a particular emphasis is to be laid on it, it is usual to employ the demonstrative pronoun ille, or, with reference to a third party, iste; and if he is = he himself, the master, etc., it is rendered by ipse (Vid: Ruhnken, Ter., Andr., 2, 2, 23); e.g., they say that the Pythagoreans used to answer, “he hath said it,” Pythagoraeos ferunt respondere solitos, Ipse dixit. The pronoun is also expressed when two actions of the same person are contrasted. Is is used (1) of a person spoken of by name before (e.g., Polemarchus est Murgentinus, vix bonus atque honestus. Is cum, etc.; and (2) as the simple, unemphatic antecedent to qui; he who, is qui (often qui only; and in general propositions, si quis). ☞ What has been just said refers only to”he” in the nominative; for the other cases a demonstrative pronoun must be used, except where it is sufficiently implied by the context. Also for “he,” “him,” etc., when = “a person,” the Latins use homo; as, do you know him? nosti hominem? I love him very much, valde hominem diligo. In the accusative with infinitive “he” must be translated by se (“that” being omitted). In oblique narration (to which the construction of accusative with infinitive belongs, when the principal verb and the infinitive have the same subject), “him,” etc., is translated by sui, sibi, se, when the person so designated is the nominative of the principal sentence; by ipse for the nominative, und where the use of the reflexive would occasion an ambiguity; e.g., putat hoc sibi nocere: Gai. contemnebat divitias, quod se felicem reddere non possent. Sometimes there are also persons spoken of, and others spoken to. These must be denoted by is, hic, ille. Legationi Ariovistus respondit; si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse; si quid ille se velit, illum ad se venire oportere (here the speaker, Ariovistus, uses ipse and sui of himself; and having first named Caes., the person spoken of, he afterward designates him by is and ille). So, too, if he had spoken to Caes., the direct si quid mihi a te opus esset would become si quid sibi (or ipsi) a Caesare (or ab eo, ab illo) opus esset, etc. But even of the speaker himself, the demonstrative “is*is sometimes found; Socrates respondit, sese meruisse... ut ei victus quotidianus in Prytaneo publice praeberetur (Cic., Or., 1, 54). Vid: HIS.