“by” in Latin

of place (near, hard by), ad, apud, juxta, prope, propter, sub; sub manum, ad manum, prae manibus. The islands which are near by Sicily, insulae quae sunt propter Siciliam. To seat one’s self by a person or thing, propter aliquem or aliquid considere. To have gardens by the Tiber, ad Tiberim habere hortos. A cave is by, propter est spelunca quaedam. Also by verbs; e.g., to stand, sit by one, alicui astare, assidere: to go by one’s side, lateri alicujus adhaerere; latus alicujus tegere.

Present. To be by, adesse, coram adesse. When I am by, not by, me praesente, coram me; me absente.

Along, secundum; praeter. To keep by the land (in sailing), oram, terram legere.

Past, praeter. To go by, praeterire (a place, locum).

By sea and land, terra marique. They came by sea, navibus advecti sunt: by land, pedibus huc iter fecerunt.

By the way, in via, in itinere; per viam; in transitu, transiens, praeteriens (also figurativeiy): quasi praeteriens (figuratively): obiter (figuratively). To touch by the way, in transitu or leviter aliqnid attingere.

By the way of, per (through), or with the ablative of the name of a town; e.g., he went by Laodicea, Laodicea iter fecit.

of time, in the sense of at. By night, noctu, nocte. By day, die, interdiu. So, by moonlight, lucente luna. ad lunam.

As soon as, not later than; intra; ante. By the year’s end, intra annum. By this time, jam. By the time Rome had been built three hundred years, trecentis annis post urbem conditam exactis. By that time I shall have arrived, jam adero. He was there by daybreak, cum diluculo advenit. By the time he ended his speech, oratione vixdum finita.

implying succession, is often made by an adverb in -tim; also by quot. Year by year, month by month, day by day, quot annis, quot mensibus, quot diebus; or omnibus annis, etc. Man by man, viritim. Town by town, village by village, oppidatim, vicatim. Step by step, gradatim. By little and little, paullatim. To fall at their feet one by one, ad omnium pedes sigillatim accidere. By the pound, ad libram. To pay one by the hour, certam mercedem in singulas horas dare alicui. By ones, twos, etc., singuli, bini, etc.

one’s self (i. e., unassisted), per se; per se ipse; per se solus.

Alone, solus.

Apart, seorsum, separatim. By itself (in and for itself), per se: viewing the thing by itself, si rem ipsam spectas.

(denoting a means)(denoting a means), by means of, per (especially of persons): also by the ablative of the thing or of the gerund: sometimes the participle utens or usus with the ablative; also e, ex. To ask a thing of some one by letter, aliquid ab aliquo per litteras petere. To avenge one’s wrongs by means of another, injurias suas per alterum ulcisci. To nourish virtue by action, virtutem agendo alere. To know a man by his voice, aliquem ex voce agnoscere.

Denoting a cause or its effect, per; a, ab (especially with passive and neuter verbs): propter; (alicujus) opera; (alicujus or alicujus rei) beneficio. To be killed by anybody, ab aliquo occidi. To perish by disease, perire a morbo. The world was created by God, mundus a Deo creatus est. The slaves, by whom you live, servi propter quos vivis. The common people were stirred yp by them, eorum opera plebs concitata est.

By reason of, per, propter, ob. By reason that, propterea quod, propterea quia: also by the ablative of the thing; e.g., this happened by your fault, vestra culpa hoc accidit.

To this may be referred BY, denoting the thing or part taken hold of, which is expressed by the ablative. To drag by the feet, pedibus trahere.

i. e., according to, secundum; e, ex, de; ad. By the course of the moon, ad cursum lunae. By a model, pattern, ad effigiem, ad exemplum. To judge a thing by the truth, ex veritate aliquid aestimare. It is built by the authority of the senate, aedificatur ex auctoritate senatus.

in adjuration or in supplication, per.

denoting excess or defect, is expressed by the ablative. Shorter by one syllable, una syllaba brevior. Higher by ten feet, decem pedibus altior. By much, multo. By far, longe.

in some phrases. By stealth, furtim. By turns, in vicem, per vices, alternis. By chance, forte, casu. By heart, memoriter. By-and-by, jam, mox, brevi. By-the-by, sed quod mihi in mentem venit: audi! dic, quaeso.