“and” in Latin

et (= καί: joins words and notions, each of which is considered independently, and as of equal importance): atque, ac (add what is of somewhat more importance: ac not before vowels or h: very seldom before g, Cic., Fam., 12, 7): que (= τέ: joins a word closely to another as an appendage to it).”And” at the beginning of indignant questions is et (et quisquam dubitabit, etc.?).

AND is often untranslated: (1) when it unites single notions of the following kind: (a) in certain combinations of frequent occurrence; e.g., “horse and man,” equi viri: “men and women,” viri mulieres. So ventis remis, etc. (b) Before the last term of an enumeration, when the preceding terms are not connected by “and.” “Our country was preserved by my labors, counsels, and dangers,” patria laboribus, consiliis, pericolis meis servata est “There were present Greeks, Romans, and others,” aderant Graeci, Romani, alii. Vid: The particle “and” is, however, inserted before the last term of an enumeration, it being omitted before the others, when that expresses the whole class, to which the preceding terms belong, (c) Between the names of consuls it is sometimes omitted. (2) When “and” connects whole sentences. In English we often connect by “and” sentences that relate to different times, or the latter of which is a consequence of the former, or describes a subsequent action of a person mentioned in the former. Such sentences are in Latin either (a) connected by the relative qui; e.g., “a messenger came and announced,” venit nuntius, qui nuntiabat: or (b) the subordinate sentence is turned into a participial clause: “he came forward and spoke thus,” in medium prodiens haec locutus est: “he left the city and retired to his country-house,” urbe relicta in villam se recepit: or (c) causal particles are used, when statements stand to each other in the relation of cause and effect, occasion and consequent action, etc.; e.g., “Xanthippus was sent to aid the Carthaginians, and defended himself bravely”, Xanthippus, cum Cartbaginiensibusauxilio missus esset, fortiter se defendit “I saw him, and immediately recognized him,” postquam eum aspexi, illico cognovi.

AND SO; and ACCORDINGLY: itaque, sometimes que only (to intimate the rapid succession of the second event).

AND ALSO, et - quoque (e.g., et sarmenta quoque in merce sunt): nec non (to connect sentences; they should stand separately. They are not used in the best prose to connect two nouns like a simple et). If two adjectives or other attributives are spoken of one noun, “and also” is translated by idemque, et idem (e.g., musicus idemque philosophus).

AND YET, et tamen; atqui (at the beginning of a sentence).

AND THAT, et is, isque: if “and that” relates to a verb or to a whole sentence, idque should be used (negotium magnum est navigare, idque mense Quintili).

AND NOT, nec or neque; et non; ac non (nec or neque when the negative refers to the whole of the second sentence: et non or ac non, when it belongs more particularly to a single word or notion in it, or when the “and’ is very emphatic: ac non, especially when the notion in the second clause corrects, or is opposed to, anotion in the first; e.g., “we must use reason, and not follow the distorted rule of custom,” adhibenda est ratio, nec utendum pravissima consuetudinis regula :”it would be tedious and is not necessary to relate,” longum est et non necessariumcommemorare. “I would write to you at greater length, if the thing needed words, and did not speak for itself,” pluribus verbis ad te scriberem, si res verba desideraret, ac non pro se ipsaloqueretur). Vid :, In such a sentence as, “it is A, and not B,” it would be quite wrong to express the “and” in Latin; e.g. tua culpa factum est, non mea (not tua culpa factum est, et non mea).

AND NOT RATHER, ac non, or ac non potius.

AND NOBADY; AND NOTHING; AND NEVER, etc., nec quisquam, nec quidquam, nec umquam, if the negative belongs to the whole sentence; et nemo, et nihil, et numquam, when the negative belongs to the single word.

In sentences of parallel construction, e.g., “A does this, and B does that,” etc., the “and” should be translated by autem, which is a weak adversative particle; e.g., voluptates impellere, quo velit: unde autem velit, deducere: versutos eos appello, quorum mens celeriter versatur, callidos autem, quorum mens - usu concalluit.