-endus

Meaning

1. morphemeending of the future passive participle (gerundive) of second-, third- and fourth-conjugation verbs

Origins

Possibly inherited from Proto-Italic *-ēntnos /*-entnos, see -undus. As with the present participle ending -ēns, -ent-, the vocalism with -en- for gerundives of third-conjugation verbs is based on generalization of a PIE zero-grade *-n̥-. For second-conjugation verbs, -end- instead represents stem-final vowel -ē- + -nd- with regular shortening of a vowel before the cluster -nd-; compare 1st-conjugation -andus. Cognates include Umbrian *-𐌄𐌍𐌔 (*-ens) (as attested in 𐌀𐌍𐌚𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌍𐌄𐌓 (anferener, genitive singular gerundive)).