verbthird conjugation
gignō
gignō (present infinitive gignere, perfect active genuī, supine genitum)
Classical[ˈɡɪŋ.noː]Ecclesiastical[ˈd͡ʒiɲ.ɲo]
№ 667 of the 1,000 commonest wordsMille Verba core vocabulary
Meaning
- to bring forth as a fruit of oneself: to bear, to beget, to engender, to give birth to
Īra patris fīlius stultus: et dolor mātris quae genuit eum. A foolish son is the anger of the father: and the sorrow of the mother that bore him. (Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.: 1752 CE)
c. 347 CE – 420 CE, Hieronymus, Vulgate Proverbs.17.25 - to produce, to cause, to yield
- to be born, to be begotten, to be engendered, to be produced, etc.
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
vītam dō; pater fīlium gignit, māter parit.gignō -ere genuī — in Mille Verba, ch. Vīta et Mors
in mundum prōdūcōgignō -ere — in IVLIANVS I: Gallia, ch. 2, 18
Choosing the right word Döderlein's Latin Synonyms
Creare · Gignere · Parere · Generare
1. Creare (from κύρω) means, by one’s own will and creative power to call something out of nothing; gignere (γίγνεσθαι, γενέσθαι) by procreation or parturition; gignere is allied to generare only by procreation, and to parere (πεπαρεῖν, πείρειν, only by parturition. 2. Gignere is a usual expression, which represents procreation as a physical and purely animal act, and supposes copulation, conception, and parturition; whereas generare is a select expression, which represents procreation as a sublime godlike act, and supposes only creative power; hence, for the most part, homines et belluæ gignunt, natura et dii generant. And, Corpora gignuntur, poemata generantur. Cic. N. D. iii. 16. Herculem Jupiter genuit, is a mythological notice; but Legg. i. 9. Deus hominem generavit, is a metaphysical axiom. (v. 201.)
Conjugation conjugation 3
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | gignō | gignēbam | gignam | genuī | genueram | genuerō |
| 2nd sg. | gignis | gignēbās | gignēs | genuistī | genuerās | genueris |
| 3rd sg. | gignit | gignēbat | gignet | genuit | genuerat | genuerit |
| 1st pl. | gignimus | gignēbāmus | gignēmus | genuimus | genuerāmus | genuerimus |
| 2nd pl. | gignitis | gignēbātis | gignētis | genuistis | genuerātis | genueritis |
| 3rd pl. | gignunt | gignēbant | gignent | genuērunt genuēre | genuerant | genuerint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | gignam | gignerem | genuerim | genuissem |
| 2nd sg. | gignās | gignerēs | genuerīs | genuissēs |
| 3rd sg. | gignat | gigneret | genuerit | genuisset |
| 1st pl. | gignāmus | gignerēmus | genuerīmus | genuissēmus |
| 2nd pl. | gignātis | gignerētis | genuerītis | genuissētis |
| 3rd pl. | gignant | gignerent | genuerint | genuissent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | gignor | gignēbar | gignar |
| 2nd sg. | gigneris gignere | gignēbāris gignēbāre | gignēris gignēre |
| 3rd sg. | gignitur | gignēbātur | gignētur |
| 1st pl. | gignimur | gignēbāmur | gignēmur |
| 2nd pl. | gigniminī | gignēbāminī | gignēminī |
| 3rd pl. | gignuntur | gignēbantur | gignentur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | gignar | gignerer |
| 2nd sg. | gignāris gignāre | gignerēris gignerēre |
| 3rd sg. | gignātur | gignerētur |
| 1st pl. | gignāmur | gignerēmur |
| 2nd pl. | gignāminī | gignerēminī |
| 3rd pl. | gignantur | gignerentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | gigne | gignere |
| pres. 2nd pl. | gignite | gigniminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | gignitō | gignitor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | gignitō | gignitor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | gignitōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | gignuntō | gignuntor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | gignere | gignī |
| perfect infinitive | genuisse | genitum esse |
| future infinitive | genitūrum esse | genitum īrī |
| present participle | gignēns | — |
| perfect participle | — | genitus |
| future participle | genitūrus genitūra, genitūrā, genitūrae, genitūram, genitūrārum, genitūrās, genitūre, genitūrī, genitūrīs, genitūrō, genitūrōrum, genitūrōs, genitūrum | gignendus gignundus, gignenda, gignendā, gignendae, gignendam, gignendārum, gignendās, gignende, gignendīs, gignendōrum, gignendōs, gignunda, gignundā, gignundae, gignundam, gignundārum, gignundās, gignunde, gignundī, gignundīs, gignundō, gignundōrum, gignundōs, gignundum |
gerundgignendī, gignendō, gignendumsupinegenitum, genitū
Phrases from Meissner's Latin Phrase-Book
- ea, quae terra gignit
- the vegetable kingdom.
- ea, quae e terra gignuntur
- the vegetable kingdom.
gigno, gĕnŭi, gĕnĭtum, 3 (archaic primary form of the
I. pres. gĕno, ĕre:
genit, Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 19: genunt, Varr. ap. Prisc. p. 898 P.: genat, Varr. R. R. 1, 31, 4: genitur, Auct. ap. Cic. Inv. 2, 42, 122; Cic. de Or. 2, 32, 141: genuntur, Varr. R. R. 2, 6, 3: genamur, Censor. 3, 1; inf. pass. geni, Lucr. 3, 797; gen. gerund. genendi, Varr. R. R. 1, 40, 1: genendo, Censor. 3, 1; Arn. 4, 21; inf. pres. pass. gignier, Lucr. 3, 623; 6, 246; 807), v. a. root gen-; Sanscr. ǵan-, ǵanami, beget; gātis, birth; Gr. γεν- in γίγνομαι, γένος, γυνή; Lat. genus, genius, gener, gens; also nascor (gn-; cf. gnatus), natura; cf. γάμος, γαμβρός (v. Georg Curtius Gr. Etym. 536); gigno for gigeno, redupl. like γίγνομαι, to beget, bear, bring forth, produce; in pass., to be born, to spring, arise, proceed; of animate and inanimate subjects and objects (syn.: creo, genero, pario). I. Lit.: Saturno, quem Coelus genuit, Enn. ap. Non. 197, 9 (Ann. v. 27 Vahl.):
sextus (Hercules) hic ex Alcumena, quem Juppiter genuit, Cic. N. D. 3, 16, 42: nec Hecubam causam interitus fuisse Trojanis, quod Alexandrum genuerit, nec Tyndareum Agamemnoni, quod Clytaemnestram, id. Fat. 15, 34: quaecumque animal pariunt, in capita gignunt, bring forth their young with the head foremost, Plin. 10, 64, 84, § 183. So of the human mother (mostly post-Aug.): idcirco, inquit Lacaena, genueram (filium), Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 102: e septem liberis, quos ipsa genuisset, unum superesse, Curt. 10, 5, 23: rectius Lolliam induci, quando nullos liberos genuisset, Tac. A. 12, 2 init.; Val. Max. 7, 7, 4; so, ex aliquo, Curt. 8, 3, 3; Tac. A. 12, 3: pisces ova cum genuerunt, relinquunt, Cic. N. D. 2, 51, 129: ova, Plin. 11, 37, 80, § 204: omnia quae terra gignat (shortly before, pariat), Cic. N. D. 1, 2, 4; cf. id. Fin. 5, 11, 33: o Romule, Romule die, Qualem te patriae custodem di genuerunt! Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41, 64 (Ann. v. 116 Vahl.); cf.: ut idem deus urbem hanc gentibus, vos huic urbi genuisse videatur, Cic. Phil. 14, 12, 32: ita ut plurimum (aurum) Asturia gignat, Plin. 33. 4, 21, § 78: India eos (beryllos) gignit, id. 37, 5, 20, § 76: ad majora quaedam natura nos genuit et conformavit, Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 23: deus animum ex sua mente et divinitate genuit, id. Univ. 8.—Pass., usu. with abl., of either or both parents: Meri bellatores gignuntur, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 85: nuper erat genitus, Ov. M. 10, 522: qui antecedente anno genitum eum scribant, Suet. Tib. 5: septimo mense geniti, Plin. 11, 37, 59, § 158: pellice genitus, Liv. 40, 9, 2; Suet. Aug. 17: Jove genitus, Curt. 8, 10, 1; 9, 8, 22: juvenes eadem matre geniti, id. 6, 14, 4; Liv. 1, 3, 3; Suet. Aug. 17; id. Tib. 7; id. Ner. 5 fin.: genitum fratre adoptaverat, Plin. Ep. 8, 18, 2.—Also with de, ab, ex: De quo Remulusque feroxque Acrota sunt geniti, Ov. M. 14, 617: genitus de sanguine, id. ib. 1, 748; id. H. 16, 117: de Jove, Gell. 13, 1, 3 (cf. Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34): filium ab eo genitum nominare, Just. 12, 7, 10; but: a se (= ex se) genitum esse Vitellium, Tac. H. 3, 64: puer ex ea genitus, Curt. 8, 10, 36: (vacca) e terra genita, Ov. M. 1, 615: dis genite et geniture deos, Verg. A. 9, 642: dis genitus, Quint. 1, 10, 9: adolescentis in omnium virtutum exempla geniti, Vell. 2, 116, 2: quae in terris gignantur, ad usum hominum omnia creari, Cic. Off. 1, 7, 22: nec enim id esset principium, quod gigneretur aliunde, id. Rep. 6, 25: ubi tus gignitur, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 89: Corycium nemus, ubi crocum gignitur, Curt. 3, 4 fin.—Poet. with inf.: omne potens animal leti genitumque nocere, Luc. 6, 485.—Absol.: ut in gignendo, in educando perfacile appareat, Cic. Fin. 2, 33, 109: hae (mulieres), quae gignunt, imbecillos edunt, Cels. 2, 1 med.II. Trop., to produce, occasion, cause:
multa nobis blandimenta natura ipsa genuit, Cic. Cael. 17, 41: haec ipsa virtus amicitiam et gignit et continet, id. Lael. 6, 20: ludus genuit trepidum certamen et iram, Ira truces inimicitias et funebre bellum, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 48: qui genuit in hac urbe dicendi copiam, Cic. Brut. 73, 255: praeceptiones, Auct. Her. 4, 3, 5: probationes, Quint. 5, 1, 1: mel gignit insaniam, Plin. 21, 13, 45, § 177; cf.: baccharis odor somnum gignit, id. 21, 19, 77, § 132: alium sitim gignit, id. 20, 6, 23, § 57.—In pass., to be born, to spring, arise, proceed: cum ipse (Cato) sui generis initium ac nominis ab se gigni et propagari vellet, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 180: ex hac maxima libertate tyrannis gignitur et illa injustissima et durissima servitus, id. Rep. 1, 44: et aegritudines et metus et reliquae perturbationes omnes gignuntur ex ea (intemperantia), id. Tusc. 4, 9, 22: Plato eas (ἰδέας) gigni negat et ait semper esse, id. Or. 3, 10: ipsi autem intelligamus natura gigni sensum diligendi et benevolentiae caritatem, id. Lael. 9, 32: odia etiam gigni sempiterna (opp. exstingui familiaritates), id. ib. 10, 35: in animorum permotione gignenda, id. de Or. 3, 30, 118: de gignenda et comparanda sapientia, Gell. 13, 8, 1.—Hence, gignentĭa, ĭum, n. (fruit-bearing), organic bodies, things that grow, as plants, trees, etc.: loca nuda gignentium, Sall. J. 79, 6: ilex aucta in altitudinem, quo cuncta gignentium natura fert, id. ib. 93, 4: animam animantium omnium non corpoream esse ... omniumque gignentium esse seniorem, App. Dogm. Plat. p. 193; opp. animalia, Lact. de Ira Dei, 1, 13.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
gīgnō genuī, genitus, ere
GEN-, to produce, give birth to, beget, bear, bring forth : quem Iuppiter genuit: liberos, S.: qui te genuere (i. e. parentes), O.: pisces ova genuerunt: omnia quae terra gignat: ut deus urbem hanc gentibus genuisse videatur: ut in gignendo appareat: quae in terris gignuntur: nuper erat genitus, O.: paelice genitus, son of , L.: Dis genite et geniture deos, V.: De alquo geniti, O.: (vacca) e terrā genita, O.— Fig., to produce, occasion, cause, begin : ludus genuit trepidum certamen, H.: in hac urbe dicendi copiam: cum sui generis initium ab se gigni vellet, spring : reliquae perturbationes omnes gignuntur ex eā, grow : odia etiam gigni sempiterna, arise : eas gigni negat, are created : gigni alicunde, i. e. to have a beginning .
Origins
From Proto-Italic *gignō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵíǵn̥h₁eti, the reduplicated present stem of *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, beget”). The perfect form genuī may derive from a Proto-Italic aorist stem *gena-, itself perhaps from an original root aorist *ǵénh₁t. De Vaan suggests that the perfect participle form genitus may have replaced earlier *gnātos on the model of the aoristic form genuī. The original perfect participle may be continued by prōgnātus and nātus. Cognate to Ancient Greek γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “to come into being, to be born, to take place”).
Descendants
- Middle Frenchcongénuirfrom Old French genoir
- Middle Frenchengénoïrfrom Old French genoir