verbfourth conjugation, no passive, no supine stem
rū̆giō
rū̆giō (present infinitive rū̆gīre, perfect active rū̆gīvī or rū̆giī)
Classical[ˈruː.ɡi.oː]Ecclesiastical[ˈruː.d͡ʒi.o]
Meaning
- intransitiveto roar, bellow; rumble
super eum rugierunt leones et dederunt vocem suam posuerunt terram eius in solitudinem civitates eius exustae sunt et non est qui habitet in eis
The young lions have roared on him, and yelled; and they have made his land waste: his cities are burned up, without inhabitant.c. 347 CE – 420 CE, Hieronymus, Vulgate Ieremias.2.15 - intransitiveto bray
Conjugation conjugation 4 no-supine
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | rū̆giō | rū̆giēbam | rū̆giam | rū̆gīvī rū̆giī | rū̆gīveram rū̆gieram | rū̆gīverō rū̆gierō |
| 2nd sg. | rū̆gīs | rū̆giēbās | rū̆giēs | rū̆gīvistī rū̆giistī | rū̆gīverās rū̆gierās | rū̆gīveris rū̆gieris |
| 3rd sg. | rū̆git | rū̆giēbat | rū̆giet | rū̆gīvit rū̆giit | rū̆gīverat rū̆gierat | rū̆gīverit rū̆gierit |
| 1st pl. | rū̆gīmus | rū̆giēbāmus | rū̆giēmus | rū̆gīvimus rū̆giimus | rū̆gīverāmus rū̆gierāmus | rū̆gīverimus rū̆gierimus |
| 2nd pl. | rū̆gītis | rū̆giēbātis | rū̆giētis | rū̆gīvistis rū̆giistis | rū̆gīverātis rū̆gierātis | rū̆gīveritis rū̆gieritis |
| 3rd pl. | rū̆giunt | rū̆giēbant | rū̆gient | rū̆gīvērunt rū̆gīvēre, rū̆giērunt, rū̆giēre | rū̆gīverant rū̆gierant | rū̆gīverint rū̆gierint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | rū̆giam | rū̆gīrem | rū̆gīverim rū̆gierim | rū̆gīvissem rū̆giissem |
| 2nd sg. | rū̆giās | rū̆gīrēs | rū̆gīverīs rū̆gierīs | rū̆gīvissēs rū̆giissēs |
| 3rd sg. | rū̆giat | rū̆gīret | rū̆gīverit rū̆gierit | rū̆gīvisset rū̆giisset |
| 1st pl. | rū̆giāmus | rū̆gīrēmus | rū̆gīverīmus rū̆gierīmus | rū̆gīvissēmus rū̆giissēmus |
| 2nd pl. | rū̆giātis | rū̆gīrētis | rū̆gīverītis rū̆gierītis | rū̆gīvissētis rū̆giissētis |
| 3rd pl. | rū̆giant | rū̆gīrent | rū̆gīverint rū̆gierint | rū̆gīvissent rū̆giissent |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | rū̆gī | — |
| pres. 2nd pl. | rū̆gīte | — |
| fut. 2nd sg. | rū̆gītō | — |
| fut. 3rd sg. | rū̆gītō | — |
| fut. 2nd pl. | rū̆gītōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | rū̆giuntō | — |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | rū̆gīre | — |
| perfect infinitive | rū̆gīvisse rū̆giisse | — |
| present participle | rū̆giēns | — |
| future participle | — | rūgienda rūgiendā, rūgiendae, rūgiendam, rūgiendārum, rūgiendās, rūgiende, rūgiendīs, rūgiendōrum, rūgiendōs, rūgiendus |
gerundrū̆giendī, rū̆giendō, rū̆giendum
rŭgĭo, īre, v. n.,
I. to roar, as a lion, Spart. Get. 5; Vulg. Psa. 21, 13; Auct. Carm. Philom. 49; to bray, as an ass, Amm. 27, 3, 1:
onager, Vulg. Job, 6, 5: quasi ursi, id. Isa. 59, 11.—II. Transf., to rumble:
rugientem saturare ventrem, Hier. Ep. 52, 2, § 6. —III. To call aloud, Vulg. Psa. 37, 9; id. Jer. 25, 30.
Origins
From Proto-Italic *rougiō. Per De Vaan, related to Ancient Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “to roar”), ὀρῠμαγδός (orŭmagdós, “noise”), ὠρῡγή (ōrūgḗ, “noise, roaring”), and possibly related to rū̆dō (“(of lions) to roar; (of donkeys) to bray”). Despite the phonetic similarity to ērūgō (“to belch”), De Vaan thinks cognacy is unlikely, viewing the semantics as a poor match (although Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai) also means "to belch"; De Vaan considers this a homophone). Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“to roar”).
Borrowings
- Frenchrugir
- Portugueserugirfrom Old Galician-Portuguese rogir
- Spanishrugir
- Catalanrugirfrom Spanish rugir
- Asturianruxir
- Galicianruxirfrom Old Galician-Portuguese rogir
Italo-Romance
- Italianruggire
- Italianrugghiare
- Italianrugliare
- Neapolitanruglià
- Sicilianrugghiari
Balkano-Romance
- Romanianrugi, rugire
- Aromanianarujescu, arujiri
Elsewhere
- Frenchbruirefrom Vulgar Latin *brūgiō
- Aragonesebruyirfrom Vulgar Latin *brūgiō
- Aragonesebruirfrom Vulgar Latin *brūgiō
Gallo-Romance
- Aragoneseruyir
- Old Frenchruir
Ibero-Romance
- Old Spanishruir