frendō
Meaning
- intransitiveto grind, gnash
- transitiveto crush or grind to pieces
- transitiveto lament over with rage, gnash the teeth
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
dentibus strīdēnsdentibus īrātus strīdōConjugation conjugation 3
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | frendō | frendēbam | frendam | frenduī | frendueram | frenduerō |
| 2nd sg. | frendis | frendēbās | frendēs | frenduistī | frenduerās | frendueris |
| 3rd sg. | frendit | frendēbat | frendet | frenduit | frenduerat | frenduerit |
| 1st pl. | frendimus | frendēbāmus | frendēmus | frenduimus | frenduerāmus | frenduerimus |
| 2nd pl. | frenditis | frendēbātis | frendētis | frenduistis | frenduerātis | frendueritis |
| 3rd pl. | frendunt | frendēbant | frendent | frenduērunt frenduēre | frenduerant | frenduerint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | frendam | frenderem | frenduerim | frenduissem |
| 2nd sg. | frendās | frenderēs | frenduerīs | frenduissēs |
| 3rd sg. | frendat | frenderet | frenduerit | frenduisset |
| 1st pl. | frendāmus | frenderēmus | frenduerīmus | frenduissēmus |
| 2nd pl. | frendātis | frenderētis | frenduerītis | frenduissētis |
| 3rd pl. | frendant | frenderent | frenduerint | frenduissent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | frendor | frendēbar | frendar |
| 2nd sg. | frenderis frendere | frendēbāris frendēbāre | frendēris frendēre |
| 3rd sg. | frenditur | frendēbātur | frendētur |
| 1st pl. | frendimur | frendēbāmur | frendēmur |
| 2nd pl. | frendiminī | frendēbāminī | frendēminī |
| 3rd pl. | frenduntur | frendēbantur | frendentur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | frendar | frenderer |
| 2nd sg. | frendāris frendāre | frenderēris frenderēre |
| 3rd sg. | frendātur | frenderētur |
| 1st pl. | frendāmur | frenderēmur |
| 2nd pl. | frendāminī | frenderēminī |
| 3rd pl. | frendantur | frenderentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | frende | frendere |
| pres. 2nd pl. | frendite | frendiminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | frenditō | frenditor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | frenditō | frenditor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | frenditōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | frenduntō | frenduntor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | frendere | frendī |
| perfect infinitive | frenduisse | frēsum esse fressum esse |
| future infinitive | frēsūrum esse fressūrum esse | frēsum īrī fressum īrī |
| present participle | frendēns | — |
| perfect participle | — | frēsus fressus, frēsa, frēsā, frēsae, frēsam, frēsārum, frēsās, frēse, frēsī, frēsīs, frēsō, frēsōrum, frēsōs |
| future participle | frēsūrus fressūrus | frendendus frendundus |
ego illum male formidabam, ita frendebat dentibus, Plaut. Capt. 4, 4, 5; id. Truc. 2, 7, 41: Nemeaeus leo Frendens efflavit graviter extremum halitum, Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 9, 22: frendens aper, Ov. A. A. 1, 46: et graviter frendens sic fatis ora resolvit, Verg. G. 4, 452: tumidā frendens Mavortius irā, Ov. M. 8, 437: (Hannibal) frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans dicitur legatorum verba audisse, Liv. 30, 20, 1: frenduerunt super me dentibus suis, Vulg. Psa. 34, 16.—Poet. transf.: dolor frendens, Sen. Herc. Fur. 693.—With acc.: nec, machaera, audes dentes frendere, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 447, 18.—porci dicuntur nefrendes ab eo, quod nondum fabam frendere possunt, id est frangere, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 17: saxo fruges frendas, Att. ap. Non. 437, 21 (Rib. Fragm. Trag. v. 478); Pac. ib. (Rib. Fragm. Trag. v. 11): fresi et aqua macerati ervi sextarius, Col. 6, 3, 4: fresa cicera, id. 2, 10, 35: faba fresa, id. 2, 11, 7; 6, 3, 5; for which: faba fressa, Cels. 5, 18, 21.—frendente Alexandro, eripi sibi victoriam e manibus, Curt. 4, 16, 3.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
Origins
Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrendʰ- (“to crush; gnash”), cognate with Proto-Germanic *grindaną (“to grind”). Another plausible cognate is Lithuanian grę́sti (“to plane, scour”), but this requires an alternative root ending in *-d-. More information Sihler considers the development of *gʷʰr- to Latin fr- in this word surprising since a labiovelar consonant was generally delabialized in Latin when followed by another consonant (e.g. *gʷréh₂us > gravis). However, Sihler notes that the cluster *-gʷʰr- also retained its labialization in medial position, judging by the form of Latin febris from *dʰegʷʰ-. A separate cause of doubt is comparison with *gʰr- and *gʰl-, which are hypothesized to have developed into gr- and gl- in some Latin words, such as glaber. However, examples such as glaber are rare, and their precise cause is disputed. Weiss 2018 argues that the g- in glaber was caused by a process of aspirate dissimilation that can be dated after a change from *-ndʰ- to *-nd- in Proto-Italic: this chronology would prevent dissimilation from applying to the root *gʷʰrendʰ-.
- Catalanfresar
- Catalanfresa
- Spanishfresar
- Spanishfresa
- Sicilianfrisari
- Sicilianfresa