verbthird conjugation
rū̆dō
rū̆dō (present infinitive rū̆dere, perfect active rū̆dīvī, supine rū̆dītum)
Classical[ˈruː.doː]Ecclesiastical[ˈruː.do]
Meaning
- to roar
- to bray
ecce rudēns raucō Sīlēnī vector asellus
Lo and behold! Braying with a hoarse throat, the little donkey that had carried Silenus opened its mouth to make an untimely noise.8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 1.433–434 - to bell
- figurativelyto shout, to yell
findor, ut arcadiae pecuāria rūdere crēdās.
I'm so being torn apart, you might think it's an arcadian herd bellowing.c. 62 CE, Persius, Saturae 3.9
Conjugation conjugation 3
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | rū̆dō | rū̆dēbam | rū̆dam | rū̆dīvī | rū̆dīveram | rū̆dīverō |
| 2nd sg. | rū̆dis | rū̆dēbās | rū̆dēs | rū̆dīvistī | rū̆dīverās | rū̆dīveris |
| 3rd sg. | rū̆dit | rū̆dēbat | rū̆det | rū̆dīvit | rū̆dīverat | rū̆dīverit |
| 1st pl. | rū̆dimus | rū̆dēbāmus | rū̆dēmus | rū̆dīvimus | rū̆dīverāmus | rū̆dīverimus |
| 2nd pl. | rū̆ditis | rū̆dēbātis | rū̆dētis | rū̆dīvistis | rū̆dīverātis | rū̆dīveritis |
| 3rd pl. | rū̆dunt | rū̆dēbant | rū̆dent | rū̆dīvērunt rū̆dīvēre | rū̆dīverant | rū̆dīverint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | rū̆dam | rū̆derem | rū̆dīverim | rū̆dīvissem |
| 2nd sg. | rū̆dās | rū̆derēs | rū̆dīverīs | rū̆dīvissēs |
| 3rd sg. | rū̆dat | rū̆deret | rū̆dīverit | rū̆dīvisset |
| 1st pl. | rū̆dāmus | rū̆derēmus | rū̆dīverīmus | rū̆dīvissēmus |
| 2nd pl. | rū̆dātis | rū̆derētis | rū̆dīverītis | rū̆dīvissētis |
| 3rd pl. | rū̆dant | rū̆derent | rū̆dīverint | rū̆dīvissent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | rū̆dor | rū̆dēbar | rū̆dar |
| 2nd sg. | rū̆deris rū̆dere | rū̆dēbāris rū̆dēbāre | rū̆dēris rū̆dēre |
| 3rd sg. | rū̆ditur | rū̆dēbātur | rū̆dētur |
| 1st pl. | rū̆dimur | rū̆dēbāmur | rū̆dēmur |
| 2nd pl. | rū̆diminī | rū̆dēbāminī | rū̆dēminī |
| 3rd pl. | rū̆duntur | rū̆dēbantur | rū̆dentur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | rū̆dar | rū̆derer |
| 2nd sg. | rū̆dāris rū̆dāre | rū̆derēris rū̆derēre |
| 3rd sg. | rū̆dātur | rū̆derētur |
| 1st pl. | rū̆dāmur | rū̆derēmur |
| 2nd pl. | rū̆dāminī | rū̆derēminī |
| 3rd pl. | rū̆dantur | rū̆derentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | rū̆de | rū̆dere |
| pres. 2nd pl. | rū̆dite | rū̆diminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | rū̆ditō | rū̆ditor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | rū̆ditō | rū̆ditor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | rū̆ditōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | rū̆duntō | rū̆duntor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | rū̆dere | rū̆dī |
| perfect infinitive | rū̆dīvisse | rū̆dītum esse |
| future infinitive | rū̆dītūrum esse | rū̆dītum īrī |
| present participle | rū̆dēns rudente, rudentem, rudentēs, rudentī, rudentia, rudentibus, rudentis, rudentīs, rudentium | — |
| perfect participle | — | rū̆dītus rū̆dīta, rū̆dītā, rū̆dītae, rū̆dītam, rū̆dītārum, rū̆dītās, rū̆dītī, rū̆dītōrum, rū̆dītōs |
| future participle | rū̆dītūrus rudītūra, rudītūrā, rudītūrae, rudītūram, rudītūrārum, rudītūrās, rudītūre, rudītūrī, rudītūrīs, rudītūrō, rudītūrōrum, rudītūrōs, rudītūrum | rū̆dendus rū̆dundus, rudenda, rudendā, rudendae, rudendam, rudendārum, rudendās, rudende, rudendīs, rudendōrum, rudendōs |
gerundrū̆dendī, rū̆dendō, rū̆dendumsupinerū̆dītum, rū̆dītū
rŭdo (rūdo, Pers. 3, 9), īvi, ītum (
I. gen. plur. part. rudentūm, Verg. A. 7, 16), 3, v. n. and a. [Sanscr. root ru-, to howl; Gr. ὠρύω; cf. Lat.: ravis, ravus, raucus], to roar, bellow, bray.
I. Lit., of animals;
e. g. of lions, Verg. A. 7, 16; of stags, id. G. 3, 374; of bears, Claud. Cons. Mall. Theod. 298; esp. freq. of the braying of an ass, Ov. A. A. 3, 290; id. F. 1, 433; 6, 342; Pers. 3, 9.—II. Transf., of men, to roar or cry out: haec inquam rudet ex rostris, Lucil. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 103 Müll.:
(Cacum) insueta rudentem Alcides telis premit, Verg. A. 8, 248.— Of things: rudentem proram, creaking, groaning, Verg. A. 3, 561.Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
rudō —, —, ere
RV-, to roar, bellow, bray : gemitūs leonum sub nocte rudentūm, V.: rauco ore, O.: (Cacus) insueta rudens, roaring , V.: rudentem proram, creaking , V.
Origins
From Proto-Indo-European *HrewdH- (“to weep”). Per Weiss, the pronunciation rudō with a short vowel might be generalized from the zero-grade of an athematic present *HréwdH-ti ~ *HrudH-énti, whence Sanskrit रोदि॑ति (róditi, “to cry, weep”). The alternative pronunciation rūdō might come either from the full-grade of the root, or from secondary sound-symbolic lengthening modeled after the braying of donkeys. Akin to Ancient Greek ὠρύω (ōrúō) and Latin rāvis, raucus, rāvus.