verbfourth conjugation
poliō
poliō (present infinitive polīre, perfect active polīvī or poliī, supine polītum)
Classical[ˈpɔ.li.oː]Ecclesiastical[ˈpɔː.li.o]
Meaning
- to polish, to smooth
Latīnē defined in Latin in our graded readers
cultus, ēlegānspolītus -a -um — in IVLIANVS I: Gallia, ch. 4
Conjugation conjugation 4
| form | present | imperfect | future | perfect | pluperfect | fut. perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | poliō | poliēbam | poliam | polīvī poliī | polīveram polieram | polīverō polierō |
| 2nd sg. | polīs | poliēbās | poliēs | polīvistī poliistī | polīverās polierās | polīveris polieris |
| 3rd sg. | polit | poliēbat | poliet | polīvit poliit | polīverat polierat | polīverit polierit |
| 1st pl. | polīmus | poliēbāmus | poliēmus | polīvimus poliimus | polīverāmus polierāmus | polīverimus polierimus |
| 2nd pl. | polītis | poliēbātis | poliētis | polīvistis poliistis | polīverātis polierātis | polīveritis polieritis |
| 3rd pl. | poliunt | poliēbant | polient | polīvērunt polīvēre, poliērunt, poliēre | polīverant polierant | polīverint polierint |
active subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect | perfect | pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | poliam | polīrem | polīverim polierim | polīvissem poliissem |
| 2nd sg. | poliās | polīrēs | polīverīs polierīs | polīvissēs poliissēs |
| 3rd sg. | poliat | polīret | polīverit polierit | polīvisset poliisset |
| 1st pl. | poliāmus | polīrēmus | polīverīmus polierīmus | polīvissēmus poliissēmus |
| 2nd pl. | poliātis | polīrētis | polīverītis polierītis | polīvissētis poliissētis |
| 3rd pl. | poliant | polīrent | polīverint polierint | polīvissent poliissent |
passive indicative
| form | present | imperfect | future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | polior | poliēbar | poliar |
| 2nd sg. | polīris polīre | poliēbāris poliēbāre | poliēris poliēre |
| 3rd sg. | polītur | poliēbātur | poliētur |
| 1st pl. | polīmur | poliēbāmur | poliēmur |
| 2nd pl. | polīminī | poliēbāminī | poliēminī |
| 3rd pl. | poliuntur | poliēbantur | polientur |
passive subjunctive
| form | present | imperfect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | poliar | polīrer |
| 2nd sg. | poliāris poliāre | polīrēris polīrēre |
| 3rd sg. | poliātur | polīrētur |
| 1st pl. | poliāmur | polīrēmur |
| 2nd pl. | poliāminī | polīrēminī |
| 3rd pl. | poliantur | polīrentur |
imperative
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| pres. 2nd sg. | polī | polīre |
| pres. 2nd pl. | polīte | polīminī |
| fut. 2nd sg. | polītō | polītor |
| fut. 3rd sg. | polītō | polītor |
| fut. 2nd pl. | polītōte | — |
| fut. 3rd pl. | poliuntō | poliuntor |
infinitives & participles
| form | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| present infinitive | polīre | polīrī |
| perfect infinitive | polīvisse poliisse | polītum esse |
| future infinitive | polītūrum esse | polītum īrī |
| present participle | poliēns | — |
| perfect participle | — | polītus polīta, polītā, polītae, polītam, polītārum, polītās, polītī, polītōrum, polītōs |
| future participle | polītūrus polītūra, polītūrā, polītūrae, polītūram, polītūrārum, polītūrās, polītūre, polītūrī, polītūrīs, polītūrō, polītūrōrum, polītūrōs, polītūrum | poliendus poliundus, polienda, poliendā, poliendae, poliendam, poliendārum, poliendās, poliende, poliendīs, poliendōrum, poliendōs |
gerundpoliendī, poliendō, poliendumsupinepolītum, polītū
Phrases from Meissner's Latin Phrase-Book
- oratio accurata et polita
- a carefully prepared speech.
pŏlĭo, īvi and ĭi, ītum, 4 (
I. imperf polibant, Verg. A. 8, 436), v. a. root par, in parēre, appārere; cf. pulcher, to smooth, furbish, polish (class.; syn.: limo, levigo).
I. Lit.: ROGVM ASCIA NE POLITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23, 59:
parietem tectorio, Col. 8, 8, 3: daedala signa, Lucr. 5, 1451: gemmas cotibus, Plin. 37, 8, 32, § 109: ligna squatinae piscis cute, id. 32, 9, 34, § 108. marmora, id. 36, 6, 9, § 52: scabritiam ferri hircorum sanguine, id. 28, 9, 41, § 148: lapis politus, Vulg. 1 Macc. 13, 27: polite lanceas, id. Jer. 46, 4.—B. Transf. (= apparare, curare, colere), to set off, adorn, decorate, embellish: causa poliendi agri, Enn. ap. Non. 66, 27 (Ann. v. 324 Vahl.); cf.:
campi politi, id. ib. (Sat. v. 23 Vahl.); and: politus culturā fundus, Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 5: vestes, to scour, Plin. 35, 17, 57, § 197; cf. vestimenta, Dig. 47, 2, 12; Gai. Inst. 3, 143; 162: linum in filo, Plin. 19, 1, 3, § 18: minium in officinis, id. 33, 7, 40, § 122; cf. Sillig ad Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 60: domus polita, well-ordered, Phaedr. 4, 5, 26; cf.: regie polita aedificia, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10.—II. Trop., to polish, refine, improve, adorn: ignarus poliendae orationis, Cic. de Or. 1, 14, 63:
ut opus poliat lima non exterat, Quint. 10, 4, 4: verba, id. 8, 6, 63: materiam versibus senariis, Phaedr. 1, prol. 2: carmina, Ov. P. 1, 5, 61: mores, Petr. 8. —Hence, pŏlītus, a, um, P. a. (in the trop. sense), polished, accomplished, refined, cultivated, polite (class.): doctrinā homines,Lucr. 3, 307: homo politus e scholā, Cic. Pis. 25, 59: politus artibus, id. Fin. 1, 7, 26: homo (orator), id. de Or. 2, 58, 236: aliquem politum reddere, Plin. Ep. 1, 16, 6. accurata et polita oratio, Cic. Brut. 95, 326; cf.: ornata oratio et polita, id. de Or. 1, 8, 31; so, epistula, Plin. Ep. 7, 13, 2.—Comp.: Crassus (in dicendo) politior et ornatior, Tac. Or. 18: facundia politiorem fieri, Val. Max. 2, 2, 2: homo politioris humanitatis expers, Cic. de Or. 2, 17, 72.—Sup.: vir omni liberali doctrinā politissimus, Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 5.—Hence, adv.: pŏlītē, in a polished manner, exquisitely, elegantly: polite subtiliterque effici, Cic. Ac. 2, 38, 120: polite apteque dicere, id. Fin. 4, 3, 5: ornate politeque dicere, id. Cael. 3, 8: scribere, id. Brut. 19, 76.—Comp.: politius perfectiusque proferre aliquid, Cic. de Or. 1, 2, 5: politius limare, id. Ac. 1, 1, 2.pŏlĭo, ōnis, v. pellio.
Charlton Lewis's shorter dictionary for students: the same scholarship in plain, modern definitions.
poliō īre
(imperf. polibant, V.), īvī, ītus, to smooth, furbish, polish: rogum asciā, C. (XII Tabb.): pulvinar Indo dente, Ct.—To adorn, decorate, embellish: Aegida squamis, V.: domus polita, well-ordered, Ph.—Fig., to polish, refine, improve, adorn: ignarus poliendae orationis: materiam versibus senariis, Ph.: carmina, O.
Origins
Of uncertain origin. Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁- (“to swing”), from the notion of fulling cloth by swinging and beating it. In this case, cognate with Ancient Greek πάλλω (pállō, “to swing, shake loose”). See also interpolō. Another theory derives the word from an unattested adjective *polis, from Proto-Indo-European *polh₂-i, from *pelh₂- (“flat”), taking the word's original meaning as “to make flat and smooth”.
Descendants
- Catalanpolir
- Italianpulire
- Italianpolire
- Frenchpolirfrom Old French polir
- Englishpolishfrom Old French polir
- Germanpolierenfrom Old French polir
- Germanpolitierenfrom Old French polir
- Portuguesepolir
- Portuguesepuir
- Spanishpulir