Meaning
- morphemeused to form a third-declension feminine abstract noun designating the result of an action from a verb root or conceived root form
caedō (“to kill or cut”) → caedēs (“slaughter”)
sedeō (“to sit”) → sēdēs (“seat”)
Origins
From Proto-Italic *-ēi(s), from Proto-Indo-European *-ḗy, a hysterokinetic *-ey-stem suffix only otherwise found in words like Hittite 𒌓𒉈𒂊 (utnē).
Meaning
- masculinemorphemeused to form third-declension nouns, most of which have senses along the lines of 'one who goes (by)'
equus (“horse”) → eques (“cavalryman; equestrian; knight”)
Origins
- Proto-Indo-European*h₁ey-
- Latin-es
From *-h₁i-t-s, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-, the root of eō, īre (“to go”). Because the nominative singular would regularly have developed to *-is, the attested ending *-es has to be explained as an analogical replacement based on the alternation between -ĕ- in the closed final syllable of the nominative singular and -ĭ- in the open medial syllable of oblique forms that developed regularly in other nouns as a result of the sound change of vowel reduction.